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Ornithology (Birds) Part 1 > Clinical Pathology Lap Report #2 > Flashcards

Clinical Pathology Lap Report #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the SI units for WBC’s

A

x10E9g/L

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2
Q

What are the SI units for Electrolytes?

A

mmol/L

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3
Q

What are the SI units for enzymes?

A

g/L

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4
Q

What are the SI units for protein values (Total Protein, Albumin, Globulin)?

A

g/L

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5
Q

What are the American units for Electrolytes?

A

mEq/L

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6
Q

What are the American Units for Total Protein, Albumin, Globulin)?

A

g/dL

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7
Q

How do you convert American units to SI units for protein values?

A

Multiply by 10

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8
Q

How do you convert American units to SI units for glucose values?

A

Divide by 18

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9
Q

How do you calculate the A:G ratio?

A

TP (g/L) - Albumin (g/L) = Globulin (g/L)

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10
Q

How do you convert percentages to absolute numbers for your leukocyte differential?

A

of WBCs / 100 x ___ x10E9/L

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11
Q

Increased levels of serum Sodium above the reference level is known as?

A

Hypernatremia

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12
Q

Decreased levels of serum sodium below the reference interval is known as?

A

Hyponatremia

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13
Q

Increased levels of serum Potassium above the reference interval is known as?

A

Hyperkalemia

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14
Q

Decreased levels of serum potassium below the reference range is known as?

A

Hypokalemia

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15
Q

Increased levels of serum Chloride above the reference interval is known as?

A

Hyperchloridemia

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16
Q

Decreased levels of serum Chloride below the reference interval is known as?

A

Hypochloridemia

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17
Q

Increased levels of serum Calcium above the reference interval is known as?

A

Hypercalcemia

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18
Q

Decreased levels of serum calcium below the reference interval is known as?

A

Hypocalcemia

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19
Q

Increased levels of serum Magnesium above the reference interval is known as?

A

Hypermagnesemia

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20
Q

Decreased levels of serum Magnesium below the reference interval is known as?

A

Hypomagnesemia

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21
Q

Increased levels of serum Phosphorus above the reference interval is known as?

A

Hyperphosphatemia

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22
Q

Decreased levels of serum Phosphorus below the reference interval is known as?

A

Hypophosphatemia

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23
Q

High levels of glucose above the normal range?

A

Hyperglycemia

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24
Q

Low levels of glucose below the normal range?

A

Hypoglycemia

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25
Q

Increased levels of serum total protein?

A

Hyperproteinemia

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26
Q

Decreased levels of serum total protein?

A

Hypoproteinemia

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27
Q

Increased levels of serum Albumin?

A

Hyperalbuminemia

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28
Q

Decreased levels of serum Albumin?

A

Hypoalbuminemia

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29
Q

How do you describe erythrocyte arrangement?

A
  • Agglutination
  • Rouleaux
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30
Q

Too few leukocytes is referred to as?

A

Anemia

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31
Q

Increase in leukocytes is known as?

A

Leukocytosis

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32
Q

An increase in neutrophils is known as?

A

Neutrophilia

33
Q

A decrease in neutrophils is known as?

A

Neutropenia

34
Q

An increase in lymphocytes is known as?

A

Lymphocytosis

35
Q

A decrease in lymphocytes is known as?

A

Lymphopenia

36
Q

An increase in monocytes is known as?

A

Monocytosis

37
Q

A decrease in monocytes is known as?

A

Monocytopenia

38
Q

An increase eosinophils is known as?

A

Eosinophilia

39
Q

A decrease in eosinophils is known as?

A

Eosinopenia

40
Q

An increase basophils above the normal range is known as?

A

Basophilia

41
Q

A decrease in basophils below the normal range is known as?

A

Basopenia

42
Q

How do you describe increased numbers of large erythrocytes?

A

Macrocytosis

43
Q

What is the term to describe increased numbers of small erythrocytes?

A

Microcytosis

44
Q

What is the term to describe variation in erythrocyte size?

A

Anisocytosis

45
Q

What nuclear remnants may appear in a feline erythrocyte?

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

46
Q

What clumped, precipitated hemoglobin may appear on a feline’s erythrocyte?

A

Heinz body

47
Q

What is a regenerative left shift?

A

Occurs when the absolute number of bands and other immature neutrophils is increased but does not exceed the absolute number of segmented neutrophils

48
Q

What is a Degenerative left shift?

A

Occurs when bands and other immature neutrophils exceed segmented neutrophil numbers.

49
Q

A stress leukogram includes:

A
  • Neutrophilia (Usually without a left shift)
  • Lymphopenia
  • Eosinopenia
50
Q

How are Rouleaux findings quantified?

A

Mild - Stacks of 3-4 RBCs
Moderate - Stacks of 5-10 RBCs
Marked - > than 10 RBCs

51
Q

What does an Echinocyte look like?

A
  • Burr cell
  • Spiculated (Sharp or blunt)
  • Evenly spaced
52
Q

What do Acanthocytes look like?

A
  • Spur cells
  • Spicules have different length and widths
  • Spherical cells
  • Spicules project at irregular intervals
53
Q

What do Keratocytes look like?

A
  • Blister, bite
  • Blister-like vesicles
  • Helmet cells

(Causes liver dz)

54
Q

What do Schistocytes look like?

A
  • RBC fragments; half the size of a normal RBC
  • Sharp pointed projections
55
Q

What do Drepanocytes look like?

A
  • Spindle-shaped
  • Sickle cells
56
Q

What do Dacryocytes appear like?

A
  • Teardrops
  • Kidney disorders in dogs
57
Q

What do Elliptocytes appear like?

A
  • Elongated erythrocytes
  • Can occur with fatty liver disease
58
Q

What do Eccentrocytes look like?

A
  • Ragged appearance
  • Poorly hemoglobinized fringe of cytoplasm along one side of RBC
59
Q

What do Spherocytes look like?

A
  • RBC’s shaped like a sphere
  • Smaller; less than 2/3 the diameter of a normal RBC
  • Denser colouring
60
Q

What do Stomatocytes look like?

A
  • Elongated mouth-like area of central pallor
61
Q

What do Target cells / Codocytes look like?

A
  • “Bulls-eye”
  • Liver dz
62
Q

What do Torocytes look like?

A
  • Increases central pallor
  • Thick rim of hemoglobin
63
Q

What are nucleated RBCs?

A
  • Metarubricyte (Pyknotic nucleus)
64
Q

What is basophilic stippling? When does it occur?

A
  • Aggregation of ribosomal RNA in RBCs
  • Regenerative anemia
65
Q

How do you assess the 5 factors of a RBC?

A
  • Mild (+)
  • Moderate (++)
  • Marked (+++)
  • Rare
  • Occasional
66
Q

What are the 5 factors to remember when assessing RBCs?

A
  • Size
  • Shape
  • Colour
  • Arrangement
  • Inclusions
67
Q

What are the signs of regenerative anemia?

A
  • Anisocytosis
  • Macrocytosis
  • Polychromasia
  • Nucleated RBC’s
  • Howell- Jolly bodies
  • Basophilic stippling
67
Q

What is non-regenerative anemia?

A

With nonregenerative anemia, the bone marrow responds inadequately to the increased need for RBCs. Anemia caused by hemorrhage or hemolysis is typically regenerative.

67
Q

What is regenerative anemia?

A

With regenerative anemia, the bone marrow responds appropriately to the decreased red cell mass by increasing RBC production and releasing reticulocytes.

68
Q

What are the normal findings for a canine and feline urine sample?

A

Canine: 1.030

Feline: 1.035

  • Isosthenuria 1.008-1.012
  • Hyposthenuria < 1.008
  • Hypersthenuria > 1.0012
68
Q

What lab tests indicate kidney disease?

A
  • Azotemia (Pre-renal (dehydration), renal, Post-renal)
  • BUN
  • Creatinine
  • SDMA
68
Q

What lab tests indicate liver disease?

A
  • Increased Bile acids
  • Urea levels decrease
  • Ammonia levels increase
  • ALT
69
Q

What lab tests indicate thyroid disease?

A
  • TT4
  • TSH
  • fT4
70
Q

What lab tests indicate endocrine pancreas disease?

A

Glucose

71
Q

What are the units for ALT,ALP, GGT and AST?

A

U/L

72
Q

Assessments summary of Hypothyroidism:

A

TT4, fT4, cTSH
[cholesterol (80% of dogs), normocytic,
normochromic non-regenerative anemia
(50%) in dogs]

73
Q

Assessment summary of hyperthyroidism:

A

TT4, free T4, cTSH,
increased PCV (50%), increased ALP, ALT
and AST (66%) in cats]

Increased TT4 is toxic to liver

74
Q
A

Ornithology (Birds) Part 1 (7 decks)

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