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Ornithology (Birds) Part 1 > Clinical Pathology Lap Report #2 > Flashcards

Clinical Pathology Lap Report #2 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What are the SI units for WBC’s

A

x10E9g/L

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2
Q

What are the SI units for Electrolytes?

A

mmol/L

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3
Q

What are the SI units for enzymes?

A

g/L

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4
Q

What are the SI units for protein values (Total Protein, Albumin, Globulin)?

A

g/L

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5
Q

What are the American units for Electrolytes?

A

mEq/L

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6
Q

What are the American Units for Total Protein, Albumin, Globulin)?

A

g/dL

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7
Q

How do you convert American units to SI units for protein values?

A

Multiply by 10

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8
Q

How do you convert American units to SI units for glucose values?

A

Divide by 18

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9
Q

How do you calculate the A:G ratio?

A

TP (g/L) - Albumin (g/L) = Globulin (g/L)

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10
Q

How do you convert percentages to absolute numbers for your leukocyte differential?

A

of WBCs / 100 x ___ x10E9/L

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11
Q

Increased levels of serum Sodium above the reference level is known as?

A

Hypernatremia

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12
Q

Decreased levels of serum sodium below the reference interval is known as?

A

Hyponatremia

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13
Q

Increased levels of serum Potassium above the reference interval is known as?

A

Hyperkalemia

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14
Q

Decreased levels of serum potassium below the reference range is known as?

A

Hypokalemia

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15
Q

Increased levels of serum Chloride above the reference interval is known as?

A

Hyperchloridemia

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16
Q

Decreased levels of serum Chloride below the reference interval is known as?

A

Hypochloridemia

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17
Q

Increased levels of serum Calcium above the reference interval is known as?

A

Hypercalcemia

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18
Q

Decreased levels of serum calcium below the reference interval is known as?

A

Hypocalcemia

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19
Q

Increased levels of serum Magnesium above the reference interval is known as?

A

Hypermagnesemia

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20
Q

Decreased levels of serum Magnesium below the reference interval is known as?

A

Hypomagnesemia

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21
Q

Increased levels of serum Phosphorus above the reference interval is known as?

A

Hyperphosphatemia

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22
Q

Decreased levels of serum Phosphorus below the reference interval is known as?

A

Hypophosphatemia

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23
Q

High levels of glucose above the normal range?

A

Hyperglycemia

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24
Q

Low levels of glucose below the normal range?

A

Hypoglycemia

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25
Increased levels of serum total protein?
Hyperproteinemia
26
Decreased levels of serum total protein?
Hypoproteinemia
27
Increased levels of serum Albumin?
Hyperalbuminemia
28
Decreased levels of serum Albumin?
Hypoalbuminemia
29
How do you describe erythrocyte arrangement?
- Agglutination - Rouleaux
30
Too few leukocytes is referred to as?
Anemia
31
Increase in leukocytes is known as?
Leukocytosis
32
An increase in neutrophils is known as?
Neutrophilia
33
A decrease in neutrophils is known as?
Neutropenia
34
An increase in lymphocytes is known as?
Lymphocytosis
35
A decrease in lymphocytes is known as?
Lymphopenia
36
An increase in monocytes is known as?
Monocytosis
37
A decrease in monocytes is known as?
Monocytopenia
38
An increase eosinophils is known as?
Eosinophilia
39
A decrease in eosinophils is known as?
Eosinopenia
40
An increase basophils above the normal range is known as?
Basophilia
41
A decrease in basophils below the normal range is known as?
Basopenia
42
How do you describe increased numbers of large erythrocytes?
Macrocytosis
43
What is the term to describe increased numbers of small erythrocytes?
Microcytosis
44
What is the term to describe variation in erythrocyte size?
Anisocytosis
45
What nuclear remnants may appear in a feline erythrocyte?
Howell-Jolly bodies
46
What clumped, precipitated hemoglobin may appear on a feline's erythrocyte?
Heinz body
47
What is a regenerative left shift?
Occurs when the absolute number of bands and other immature neutrophils is increased but does not exceed the absolute number of segmented neutrophils
48
What is a Degenerative left shift?
Occurs when bands and other immature neutrophils exceed segmented neutrophil numbers.
49
A stress leukogram includes:
- Neutrophilia (Usually without a left shift) - Lymphopenia - Eosinopenia
50
How are Rouleaux findings quantified?
Mild - Stacks of 3-4 RBCs Moderate - Stacks of 5-10 RBCs Marked - > than 10 RBCs
51
What does an Echinocyte look like?
- Burr cell - Spiculated (Sharp or blunt) - Evenly spaced
52
What do Acanthocytes look like?
- Spur cells - Spicules have different length and widths - Spherical cells - Spicules project at irregular intervals
53
What do Keratocytes look like?
- Blister, bite - Blister-like vesicles - Helmet cells (Causes liver dz)
54
What do Schistocytes look like?
- RBC fragments; half the size of a normal RBC - Sharp pointed projections
55
What do Drepanocytes look like?
- Spindle-shaped - Sickle cells
56
What do Dacryocytes appear like?
- Teardrops - Kidney disorders in dogs
57
What do Elliptocytes appear like?
- Elongated erythrocytes - Can occur with fatty liver disease
58
What do Eccentrocytes look like?
- Ragged appearance - Poorly hemoglobinized fringe of cytoplasm along one side of RBC
59
What do Spherocytes look like?
- RBC's shaped like a sphere - Smaller; less than 2/3 the diameter of a normal RBC - Denser colouring
60
What do Stomatocytes look like?
- Elongated mouth-like area of central pallor
61
What do Target cells / Codocytes look like?
- "Bulls-eye" - Liver dz
62
What do Torocytes look like?
- Increases central pallor - Thick rim of hemoglobin
63
What are nucleated RBCs?
- Metarubricyte (Pyknotic nucleus)
64
What is basophilic stippling? When does it occur?
- Aggregation of ribosomal RNA in RBCs - Regenerative anemia
65
How do you assess the 5 factors of a RBC?
- Mild (+) - Moderate (++) - Marked (+++) - Rare - Occasional
66
What are the 5 factors to remember when assessing RBCs?
- Size - Shape - Colour - Arrangement - Inclusions
67
What are the signs of regenerative anemia?
- Anisocytosis - Macrocytosis - Polychromasia - Nucleated RBC's - Howell- Jolly bodies - Basophilic stippling
67
What is non-regenerative anemia?
With nonregenerative anemia, the bone marrow responds inadequately to the increased need for RBCs. Anemia caused by hemorrhage or hemolysis is typically regenerative.
67
What is regenerative anemia?
With regenerative anemia, the bone marrow responds appropriately to the decreased red cell mass by increasing RBC production and releasing reticulocytes.
68
What are the normal findings for a canine and feline urine sample?
Canine: 1.030 Feline: 1.035 - Isosthenuria 1.008-1.012 - Hyposthenuria < 1.008 - Hypersthenuria > 1.0012
68
What lab tests indicate kidney disease?
- Azotemia (Pre-renal (dehydration), renal, Post-renal) - BUN - Creatinine - SDMA
68
What lab tests indicate liver disease?
- Increased Bile acids - Urea levels decrease - Ammonia levels increase - ALT
69
What lab tests indicate thyroid disease?
- TT4 - TSH - fT4
70
What lab tests indicate endocrine pancreas disease?
Glucose
71
What are the units for ALT,ALP, GGT and AST?
U/L
72
Assessments summary of Hypothyroidism:
TT4, fT4, cTSH [cholesterol (80% of dogs), normocytic, normochromic non-regenerative anemia (50%) in dogs]
73
Assessment summary of hyperthyroidism:
TT4, free T4, cTSH, increased PCV (50%), increased ALP, ALT and AST (66%) in cats] Increased TT4 is toxic to liver
74

Ornithology (Birds) Part 1 (7 decks)

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