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Ornithology (Birds) Part 1 > Ornithology (Birds) Part 2 > Flashcards

Ornithology (Birds) Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in a physical exam?

A
  • History
  • Weight
    CHECK:
  • Eyes and ears
  • Cere and Nares
  • Skin and feathers
  • Vent/cloaca
  • Joints
  • HR: 100-300+ bpm
  • Respiration: 20-60+ bpm
    Temperature: 38-42.5 C
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2
Q

What to look out for when weighing birds?

A
  • Hide illness and weight loss
    May not necessarily appear thin
    Will fluff its feathers in order to keep warm
  • Will pretend to be healthy if conscious of being observed by predator (human)
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3
Q

How to weigh birds?

A
  • Feel the keel (sternum): Normally well padded by pectoral muscles
  • Use a digital scale - “tare” the towel or box
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4
Q

What to consider when trimming a beak?

A
  • Overgrowth prevents birds from eating properly
  • Hook should be trimmed with guillotine nail clippers
  • Dremel = great for shaping; also cauterizes
  • Hemorrhage; hemostatic compound should be readily available
  • Mouth should close comfortably
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5
Q

What tools are needed for nail clipping?

A
  • Dremel
  • Scissor trimmer
  • File
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6
Q

How to deal with hemorrhage from a nail clipping?

A
  • Hemostatic compound should be readily available
  • Apply pressure proximal to the nail to serve as a temporary tourniquet (device to stop the flow of blood)
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7
Q

Why are overgrown nails a problem to caged birds?

A
  • Make it difficult to grasp the perch properly
  • Long claws can catch and cause a bird to panic, thus injuring itself
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8
Q

Why can’t you use sandpaper on perches?

A
  • Irritates the feet and predisposes them to infection
    -Bumble foot (pododermatitis)
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9
Q

Things to consider during wing clipping.

A
  • Prevents the bird from flying (safety and training)
  • Clip the primary feathers but leave the two outermost primaries uncut - can be very irritating
  • CAUTION: Watch for blood feathers
  • Birds may become withdrawn temporarily
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10
Q

What is a blood feather?

A
  • New feather protected by a sheath of keratin
  • It is nourished from its follicle by a blood vessel
  • Will hemorrhage if cut
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11
Q

How do you pull a blood feather?

A
  • Use pliers or hemostats
  • Grasp at base closest to skin
  • Pull quickly
  • Apply pressure/coagulant powder
  • Clean with hydrogen peroxide
  • Let bird rest in a dark, warm, quiet area
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12
Q

When do blood feathers come in?

A

When bird is young

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13
Q

How do you remove tight bands from a bird?

A
  • Snip plastic bands with scissors or scissor style nail clippers
  • Open metal bands that are pinched together
  • Use a pin cutter on other metal bands
  • CAUTION: Avoid twisting the bird’s leg in the process
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14
Q

Do you remove a wild bird’s band?

A

DO NOT remove!
- Report bird and band number to MNR

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15
Q

When should a band never be put on a bird?

A
  • When they are still growing (some birds can reach maturity in 3-4 weeks)
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16
Q

How do you care for a sick bird?

A
  • Isolation - A quiet, warm area
  • 25-30 C range to prevent hypothermia
  • Fresh food and water
  • Hydration - Honey water, sugar water, or orange juice may provide a boost for birds that are sick
  • Proper housing and hygiene
  • Monitor number of birds - Too many will increase stress levels and suppress the bird’s immune system
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17
Q

What to consider for a critically ill bird?

A
  • Stabilization of the bird is essential
  • Evaluate the hydration status and condition
  • Fluid therapy and/or nutritional support may be necessary before other Tx or Dx
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18
Q

In fluid therapy, what are the water requirements?

A

50 mL/kg/day

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19
Q

Water increases in what diseases?

A
  • Kidney disease
  • Respiratory disease
  • GI infections
  • Ulcerative skin lesions
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20
Q

All fluids must be warmer to what temperature?

A

25-30 C

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21
Q

What percentage of body weight can be given SQ?

A

5-10% of BWT

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22
Q

Are fluids better tolerated SQ or IV?

A

Subcutaneous

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23
Q

What fluids are used?

A

Lactated Ringer’s/Plasmalyte (50:50)
- I/V bolus dose 1-3 mL/100g

Glucose/saline (50:50) IV or IO
- 5% and 0.9% for dehydration
- 4% and 0.18% for maintenance

24
Q

What is required for gavage fluids/feeding?

A

Lubricate gavage tube
- Latex nasopharyngeal tube
- Urinary catheter
- Rigid stainless steel feeding tube
- 30 mL/kg PO q 6-8 h
- Fill the crop to 1/2 to 2/3 kits capacity (2-3 x daily)

25
Q

What is required for nutritional support?

A
  • 30-60 mL/kg per day (Divided and dosed q 6-8 h)
  • 50:50 high protein baby cereal with strained baby food (meat or fruit)
  • Commercial formulas
26
Q

How do you administer a feeding tube?

A
  • Hold animal vertically with the neck extended
  • The tubing is passed dorsally over the tongue angling to the right into the esophagus
  • Proper restraint and gentle technique to avoid perforation
  • Palpate for correct position (Injecting into lung will kill bird)*
27
Q

What steps are involved in preparing + administering your feeding tube?

A

1) Measure your tube
2) Mark your tube
3) Secure head at base of skull
4) Roll thumb and forefinger forwards to hold side of beak (At base not tip)
5) Lubricate tip of tube
6) Gently open beak and insert tube, avoiding the glottis
7) Check glottis again after tube placed 1/2 way in
8) Insert the tube until the mark
9) Depress plunger, while holding the tube onto the syringe
10) Pinch off tube and remove
11) Do not let go of head until tube is removed

28
Q

What to consider when administering Intra-venous fluids?

A

Critical care for severely debilitated animals
- Anesthetized or debilitated
- Awake will pull them out

Site should be scrubbed (Surgically prepared)

Wing or leg veins

29
Q

Where do you administer Subcutaneous fluids in a bird?

A
  • Inguinal region (Flank)
  • Over pectoral muscles
  • Interscapular area
  • Avoid cervical region (Because of cervical sacs)
30
Q

What is feathered regions on the bird’s body called?

A

Pterylae

31
Q

What is featherless regions on the bird’s body called?

A

Aperylae

32
Q

What is involved in Intraosseous fluids?

A
  • Fluids or medications
  • Sterile technique is essential. Site should be scrubbed (Surgically prepared)
  • Into the proximal tibia or distal ulna
  • Confirm placement - Saline flush will blanch brachioulnar vein
33
Q

What blood sampling sites are used? What size of needle?

A
  • Right jugular vein - Slightly larger
  • Brachioulnar or ulnar veins aka basilic (Ventral surface of the elbow joint)
  • Medial tibiotarsal or metatarsal veins (Medial side of the lower leg)
  • 22-25G needle
  • Capillary tube
34
Q

Where are IM injections administered?

A
  • Pectoral muscles
  • Not in leg muscles (Renal portal system)
35
Q

For anesthesia, what are the injectable combinations (IM) of Ketamine?

A
  • Induction 5-10mins
  • Recovery 2-4 hours
  • Ketamine (10-20mg/kg) with:
    1) Diazepam (0.5-2 mg/kg) OR
    2) Midazolam (0.2 mg/kg)OR
    3) Alpha-2 drugs (Xylazine 1-2.2 mg/kg or Medetomidine 60-85 ug/kg) can be cardiopulmonary depressive)
36
Q

What happens when Propofol is used an an injectable agent for anesthesia?

A
  • Propofol (8 mg/kg IV): Induction is rapid
  • Produces apnea
  • Requires Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation
37
Q

What Inhalation agents are used for anesthesia?

A

Isoflurane with O2 (sevoflurane is similar)

38
Q

What is the induction and maintenance of Isoflurane?

A
  • Induction - At 5% is rapid (1-2 min)
  • Maintain at 1.25-2%
39
Q

How do you intubate a bird?

A
  • Pull tongue slightly forward (Cotton swab)
  • Use uncuffed ET tube
40
Q

What do you monitor during anesthesia?

A
  • Heart (Doppler, stethoscope)
  • Respiration
  • Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation may be required
41
Q

What Opioids are used for Analgesia?

A

Butorphanol: 1-4 mg/kg q6h IM or PO
- Larger birds require lower doses
- Tramadol at 5-10 mg/kg PO SID

42
Q

What NSAIDs are used for analgesia?

A

Meloxicam: 0.1-1 mg/kg SQ or PO SID
- Fluid therapy to protect kidneys
- Diclofenac toxic in some species (Gyps vulture)

43
Q

What behaviours are associated with pain in birds?

A
  • Fluffed feathers
  • Change in normal behaviour
  • Anorexia
  • Reluctance to move
  • Self mutilation
  • Lameness
  • Low perching angle (Down on hocks)
  • Squinting or closed eyes
  • Lack of preening
44
Q

Signs of illness in birds.

A
  • Decrease in talking or singing
  • Change in food or water consumption
  • Change in character of droppings
  • Change in general attitude
  • Change in appearance
  • Respiratory difficulty
  • Developing enlargements
45
Q

How are bacterial infectious diseases contacted?

A
  • Transferred through direct and indirect contact
46
Q

How do you prevent bacterial infectious diseases?

A
  • Cleanliness is essential in prevention of these disease
  • Proper quarantine of new birds is essential
47
Q

What bacterial diseases can infect birds?

A

Chlamydiosis
- Psittacosis, ornithosis (Zoonotic)
- Diarrhea, respiratory discharges

Avian mycobacteriosis
- Tb: Wasting

Corysa: Haemophilus paragallinarum
- Upper respiratory

Pneumonia and air sacculitis
- Lower respiratory

Avian cholera/Pasterurellosis
- Diarrhea and dehydration

Bacterial enteritis: Diarrhea and dehydration

Bacterial toxemia: Botulism

48
Q

How does a viral disease affect birds?

A
  • May affect the respiratory, nervous, or immune system
  • Can spread very quickly via direct contact or as an airborne contaminant
49
Q

What infectious diseases are viral?

A
  • Paramyxovirus: Newcastle’s Disease (Neurologic)
  • Herpes virus: Pacheco’s disease (anorexia)
  • Polyomavirus: Polyoma (Subcutaneous hemorrhage)
  • Circovirus: Psittacine beak and feather disease
  • Proventricular dilation disease: GI and neurological
50
Q

What infectious diseases are Mycotic?

A
  • Aspergillosis: Respiratory
  • Candidiasis: Oral cavity, esophagus, and crop
  • Megabacteria/avian gastric yeast: GI motility
51
Q

What Ectoparasites infect birds?

A
  • Lice
  • Mites
  • Flies
52
Q

What mites infect birds?

A

Mites: Cnemidocoptes
- Scaley leg and face mites
Crusty honeycomb deformation
- Tracheal mites

53
Q

What flies infect birds?

A

Hippoboscid (Louse fly): Blood suckers

54
Q

How to do you treat parasites?

A

Ivermectin
- Broad spectrum anti-parasitic

55
Q

What Endoparasites infect birds?

A
  • Nematodes
  • Cestodes
  • Trematodes
  • Protozoa
56
Q

What Nematodes infect birds?

A
  • Ascarids
  • Microfilaria
  • Gapeworm
  • Capillaria
57
Q

What protozoa infect birds?

A
  • Coccidia
  • Histomonas
  • Trichomonas
  • Hemosporidia

Ornithology (Birds) Part 1 (7 decks)

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