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Boards Prep > Clinical Perspective - Pediatric Neurology > Flashcards

Clinical Perspective - Pediatric Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common reason for seizures in children?

A

Febrile seizures due to rapid rise in temperature

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2
Q

Presentation of these actions indicates an intact brainstem.

A

Rolling from tummy-back and sitting up independently

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3
Q

What is sun-setting?

A

Downward eyes in a baby that may indicate hydrocephalus

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4
Q

What is the suck-swallow reflex?

A

Instinctual reflex to suck anything that stimulates the roof of the mouth

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5
Q

What gross motor action appears around 9mo?

A

Crawling, pulling to stand

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6
Q

What food is most associated with infantile botulinum poisoning?

A

Honey

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7
Q

What is the Rooting reflex?

A

Opening of the mouth when the cheek is rubbed

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8
Q

What action corresponds with the development of the higher cortex?

A

Pull to stand and equilibrium

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9
Q

What social milestone is associated with 8mo?

A

Child will look in the same direction as the caregiver - looks at what the caregiver is looking at

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10
Q

What social milestone is usually achieved by 5mo?

A

Recognizing caregiver

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11
Q

What fine motor movement presents around 5mo?

A

The involuntary grasp reflex disappears and infants begin to explore their environment with their hands and place objects in their mouth

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12
Q

What is proto-imperative pointing and when does it develop?

A

Pointing at a desired object - develops 12-14mo

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13
Q

What is Chusing’s Triad?

A

A possible sign of hydrocephalus in children, includes hypertension, bradycardia, and respiratory depression

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14
Q

What figure can be drawn by a child at age 4?

A

Cross

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15
Q

What figure can be drawn by a child at age 3?

A

Circle

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16
Q

By this age, a baby can “manipulate” their environment by crying, etc.

A

4mo

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17
Q

True/False. Swimming is a primitive reflex.

A

True

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18
Q

Port-wine stains involving the V1 & V2 branches of CN V are characteristic of this pediatric neurocutaneous disorder.

A

Sturge-Weber Syndrome

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19
Q

At what age can a child draw a triangle?

A

5yo

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20
Q

By what age does a child know the difference between real and imaginary?

A

4yo

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21
Q

Werdnig-Hoffman disease is a form of muscular atrophy with onset in the first few months of life. Changes are reversible with early intervention. What symptoms are associated with the disease?

A

Weak cry, hypotonia, respiratory distress, head lag, tongue fasciculations, “frog legs”

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22
Q

Around what age do infants understand object permanence?

A

9-10mo

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23
Q

What is the primary reason for speech delay?

A

Hearing issues

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24
Q

Around what age does chest support with arms in a prone manner present?

A

3 months

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25
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in newborns?

A

Strep agalactiae

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26
Q

What gross motor action appears around 6mo?

A

Sitting with truncal support

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27
Q

This principle is believed to allow an infant to achieve their social milestones in a predictable manner.

A

Attachment theory

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28
Q

At what age will a child understand its name?

A

6mo

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29
Q

By what age does a baby develop the concept of “stranger danger?”

A

6mo

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30
Q

When does a child develop simple play, bringing objects to their caregiver?

A

18mo

31
Q

By what age should a child know 150-200 words?

A

15mo

32
Q

By what age will a baby respond to their name by turning their head?

A

10mo

33
Q

When can a child draw a square?

A

4.5yo

34
Q

What should be the response of the Babinski test in a newborn?

A

Up going toes - this response disappears between 12-18mo with toes going down in older children and adults

35
Q

At what age can a child draw a diamond?

A

6yo

36
Q

What are potential causes of abnormal head shape in a baby?

A

Craniosynostosis or plagiocephaly

37
Q

What is the atonic-neck reflex?

A

Turning of a newborn’s head causes arm motion

38
Q

What is the most common cause of febrile seizures in children?

A

HSV-6

39
Q

You are reviewing the chart of a child at your clinic. The chart describes ash leaf spots, Shagreen patches, and adenoma sebaceum. What disease does this child have?

A

Tuberous Sclerosis

40
Q

What is craniosynostosis?

A

Premature closing of cranial sutures. Closure of one suture results in abnormal head shape, but closure of multiple sutures causes cognitive impairment

41
Q

What action coincides with midbrain development in a newborn?

A

Postural righting response

42
Q

Children develop the ability to walk up/down stairs in various stages. What are they and when do they generally present?

A

2 years - Ascend/descend with both feet on each step

3 years - Ascend with alternating feet, but descend with both feed on each step

4 years - Ascend/descend with alternating feet

43
Q

What is the most common cause of meningitis in babies >6mo and older children?

A

Strep pneumoniae

44
Q

What language can a child express by 15mo?

A

Mama, dada, and one other word

45
Q

When does the parachute reflex present?

A

Generally between 8-10mo

46
Q

Which develops first? Receptive or expressive language?

A

Receptive language - expressive language follows

47
Q

When does the development of the higher cortex begin?

A

9-12mo

48
Q

“Cooing” presents around what age?

A

2mo

49
Q

What is the most common cause of headaches in children?

A

Tension headaches

50
Q

A what age will a baby smile in response to a stranger’s smile?

A

2mo - social smile

51
Q

Parallel play, playing alongside another child but not with the child, develops when?

A

2yo

52
Q

Grasping of the fingers and toes in response to stimulation is called…?

A

Palmer & Planter Grasps

53
Q

When does complex play develop?

A

30mo

54
Q

A child may begin putting words together by what age?

A

2 years

55
Q

Failure of the Moro Test/Startle Reflex (abduction and extension of the arm) may indicate what type of injury in a newborn?

A

Brachial plexus injury

56
Q

What reaction should a newborn have in response to light?

A

Involuntary closing of the eyes - Blinking Reflex

57
Q

True/False. By 5yo the head is approximately adult size and shape.

A

False. The head is adult size and shape by approximately 2yo

58
Q

In the Galant test, an infant’s back is stroked on one side. What is the normal response?

A

The baby will bend to the stimulated side

59
Q

What are the most common pediatric neurocutaneous disorders?

A

Neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, Sturge-Weber, von Hippel-Lindau, ataxia-telangiectsia

60
Q

What is the primary difference between Neurofibromatosis Types 1 & 2?

A

Type 1 is more severe and has pediatric onset, whereas Type 2 does not have onset until after 18yo

61
Q

What social milestones develop around 3yo?

A

Aggression, fantasy, fear, sharing, playing with some other children

62
Q

A child develops adult skills and can play “dress up” by this age.

A

5yo

63
Q

What expressive language milestone presents at 6mo?

A

Babbling

64
Q

True/False. Walking/Stepping is a primitive reflex that presents around 8mo.

A

False. Involuntary walking/stepping is present at birth and later returns as a voluntary behavior.

65
Q

What causes Neurofibromatosis Type 1?

A

Mutation in NF1 gene

66
Q

A child can begin to recognize common words and extract words when?

A

8-10mo

67
Q

What is proto-declarative pointing and when does it develop?

A

Pointing to share an experience - develops around 16mo

68
Q

What are the most common causes of communicating hydrocephalus in babies?

A

Meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage

69
Q

What figure can be drawn by a child at age 2?

A

Straight line

70
Q

This reflex disappears around 4mo and indicates an intact brainstem in a newborn.

A

Atonic neck reflex - prevents the baby from rolling onto its stomach

71
Q

By what age should a stranger be able to fully understand what a child is saying?

A

4 years old

72
Q

What are potential complications of Sturge-Weber Syndrome?

A

Glaucoma, Blindness

73
Q

What are the clinical features of Neurofibromatosis Type 1?

A

Cafe au lait spots, axillary freckling, cutaneous neurofibromas, iris hamartomas (Lisch nodules)

74
Q

Around what age does an infant develop the ability to walk?

A

12months

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