Clinical Psych

Question 1

Jung referred to the process of developing a unique and unified personality as:

A. differentiation.

B. self-actualization.

C. individuation.

D. introjection.

Answer 1

C. individuation

Question 2

Which element of Seligman’s PERMA model of well-being is characterized by a state of flow?

A. engagement

B. meaning

C. accomplishment

D. relationships

Answer 2

A. engagement

Question 3

For Gestalt therapists, __________ is a boundary disturbance that involves uncritically accepting the values, standards, and beliefs of other people.

A. projection

B. deflection

C. introjection

D. retroflection

Answer 3

C. introjection

Question 4

Adler’s individual psychology is based on the assumption that neurotic behavior is attributable to which of the following?

A. an unresolved unconscious conflict

B. a boundary disturbance

C. a failure to satisfy innate needs

D. a mistaken style of life

Answer 4

D. a mistaken style of life

Question 5

A practitioner of Freudian psychoanalysis is most likely to interpret the artistic endeavors of his client as a diversion of the client’s unacceptable aggressive urges and a manifestation of which of the following?

A. displacement

B. sublimation

C. projection

D. reaction formation

Answer 5

B. sublimation

Question 6

As described by Carl Rogers, incongruence between self-concept and experience is caused by which of the following?

A. conditions of worth

B. a chronic boundary disturbance

C. “bad choices”

D. feelings of inferiority

Answer 6

A. conditions of worth

Question 7

As described by Mahler, the beginning of object constancy follows which substage of separation-individuation?

A. displacement

B. differentiation

C. practicing

D. rapprochement

Answer 7

D. rapprochement

Question 8

Practitioners of Glasser’s reality therapy view the primary motivator of behavior to be which of the following?

A. unconscious instinctual drives

B. basic needs

C. self-actualization

D. striving for superiority

Answer 8

Basic needs

Question 9

A solution-focused therapist would most likely ask a client the “miracle question” to:

A. evaluate the client’s progress in therapy.

B. help the client identify treatment goals.

C. identify the client’s strengths and resources.

D. identify the causes of the client’s presenting problem.

Answer 9

B. help the client identify treatment goals.

Question 10

Motivational interviewing incorporates concepts and procedures from which of the following?

A. Jung’s analytical psychotherapy

B. Adler’s individual psychology

C. Skinner’s operant conditioning

D. Rogers’s person-centered therapy

Answer 10

D. Rogers’s person-centered therapy

Question 11

According to the transtheoretical model, factors that contribute to a person’s motivation to change an undesirable behavior include all of the following except:

A. self-efficacy.

B. temptation.

C. insight.

D. decisional balance.

Answer 11

C. insight

Question 12

A 58-year-old man comes to therapy at the insistence of his wife who is threatening to leave him if he doesn’t stop drinking. The man says he’s been drinking alcohol since he was in his late 20s, has tried stopping when family members have asked him to, but doesn’t see why his drinking bothers other people so much. He says he doesn’t really want to stop and has only come to therapy to make his wife happy. According to Prochaska and DiClemente’s transtheoretical model, this man is in which stage of change?

A. denial

B. acceptance

C. precontemplation

D. contemplation

Answer 12

C. precontemplation

Question 13

During her initial therapy session, a client with an alcohol use disorder tells her therapist that drinking helps her relax and makes it easier for her to talk to people. The therapist, a practitioner of motivational interviewing, will most likely view the client’s statement as:

A. change talk.

B. sustain talk.

C. discord.

D. introjection.

Answer 13

B. sustain talk

Question 14

Which of the following is not one of the four problem areas that are targeted by practitioners of interpersonal psychotherapy when working with clients who are depressed?

A. grief

B. role disputes

C. intimacy

D. role transitions

Answer 14

C. intimacy

Question 15

A family therapist describes a patient’s depression and anxiety as loneliness. The technique being used by this therapist is referred to as:

A. prescribing the symptom.

B. a therapeutic double-bind.

C. positioning.

D. reframing.

Answer 15

D. reframing

Question 16

Yalom and Leszcz’s (2005) third formative stage of group therapy is characterized by which of the following?

A. hostility toward the therapist.

B. advice giving and seeking.

C. the development of group cohesion.

D. concerns and anxiety about termination.

Answer 16

C. the development of group cohesion.

Question 17

As defined by Bowen, the intrapersonal aspect of differentiation refers to a person’s ability to separate:

A. needs from desires.

B. the past from the present.

C. thinking from feeling.

D. him/herself from others.

Answer 17

C. thinking from feeling

Question 18

Emotionally focused therapy (EFT) was originally developed as an intervention for:

A. at-risk adolescents and their families.

B. individuals with bipolar disorder.

C. single parents.

D. distressed couples.

Answer 18

D. distressed couples

Question 19

As described by cybernetic theory, a negative feedback loop:

A. helps a system maintain or restore a state of stability.

B. causes a disruption in a system’s status quo.

C. always produces disastrous consequences for the system.

D. is characterized by complementary communication patterns.

Answer 19

A. helps a system maintain or restore a state of stability.

Question 20

Anna, age 21, has just received a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa. Her therapist is a practitioner of strategic family therapy and, to reduce Anna’s binge-eating, he tells her that, on each day that she binges, she must set her alarm for 4 a.m. and get up and do 30 minutes of abdominal exercises. This intervention is an example of which of the following?

A. prescribing the symptom

B. an ordeal

C. reframing

D. an enactment

Answer 20

B. an ordeal

Question 21

For practitioners of narrative family therapy, a unique outcome is best described as:

A. the dominant narrative.

B. a positive connotation.

C. an enactment.

D. an exceptional circumstance.

Answer 21

D. an exceptional circumstance.

Question 22

A primary goal of Satir’s conjoint family therapy is to:

A. foster congruent communication between family members.

B. increase the differentiation of each family member.

C. create clear boundaries between family members.

D. heighten and restructure the emotional experiences of family members.

Answer 22

A. foster congruent communication between family members.

Question 23

Milan systemic family therapists use circular questions to help family members:

A. recognize differences in perceptions that may be contributing to family problems.

B. externalize the current problem so that it can be perceived more objectively.

C. identify times when the family problem was not present.

D. identify and reflect on internal (unconscious) causes of problematic behaviors.

Answer 23

A. recognize differences in perceptions that may be contributing to family problems.

Question 24

Whenever the parents of 12-year-old Raymond argue, each parent tries to get Raymond to side with him or her. A structural family therapist would identify this as an example of which of the following?

A. stable coalition

B. detouring

C. unstable coalition

D. reframing

Answer 24

C. unstable coalition

Question 25

As described in Ellis’s A-B-C-D-E model, B represents:

A. behavioral and emotional reactions to an activating event.

B. barriers to rational thought.

C. belief perseverance.

D. beliefs about an activating event.

Answer 25

D. beliefs about an activating event.

Question 26

According to Beck, negative beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future are characteristic of:

A. depression.

B. psychosis.

C. hypochondriasis.

D. paranoia.

Answer 26

A. depression

Question 27

A 21-year-old therapy client says, “no matter what I do, I feel like I’m still unattractive, so I must be unattractive.” Her cognitive behavior therapist will most likely view the client’s statement as a manifestation of:

A. emotional reasoning.

B. arbitrary inference.

C. personalization.

D. overgeneralization.

Answer 27

A. emotional reasoning

Question 28

Which of the following is not one of the six processes addressed by acceptance and commitment therapy?

A. cognitive defusion

B. corrective detachment

C. experiential acceptance

D. committed action

Answer 28

B. corrective detachment

Question 29

Meichenbaum’s stress inoculation training consists of three phases, the first of which is:

A. commitment.

B. preparation.

C. conceptualization.

D. cognitive modeling.

Answer 29

C. conceptualization

Question 30

Dawn tends to jump to the conclusion that people she meets don’t like her even when there’s no evidence to support that conclusion. This is an example of which of the following cognitive distortions?

A. personalization

B. emotional reasoning

C. arbitrary inference

D. selective abstraction

Answer 30

C. arbitrary inference

Question 31

The primary goal of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is best described as:

A. replacing the “being mode” with the “doing mode.”

B. strengthening the link between thoughts and emotions.

C. accepting and separating from distressful thoughts.

D. replacing maladaptive thoughts with more adaptive ones.

Answer 31

C. accepting and separating from distressful thoughts.

Question 32

Stanley and Brown’s (2012) safety planning intervention (SPI) includes all of the following except:

A. recognizing warning signs.

B. using internal coping strategies.

C. signing a no-harm contract.

D. using social contacts for distraction or support.

Answer 32

C. signing a no-harm contract

Question 33

Measures of treatment fidelity typically focus on which of the following?

A. reliability and validity

B. efficacy and effectiveness

C. therapist adherence and competence

D. therapist experience and consistency

Answer 33

C. therapist adherence and competence

Question 34

Based on the results of their meta-analysis of 475 psychotherapy outcome studies, Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) concluded that the average psychotherapy patient is better off than ____% of patients who do not receive psychotherapy.

A. 90

B. 80

C. 72

D. 44

Answer 34

B. 80

Question 35

Shim et al.’s (2017) review of randomized control studies on digital mental health interventions for depression and anxiety found that the reported effects of adding professional guidance to the interventions were:

A. consistently insignificant for symptom reduction, client satisfaction, and dropout attrition.

B. consistently positive for symptom reduction, client satisfaction, and dropout attrition.

C. consistently positive for symptom reduction but inconsistent for client satisfaction and dropout attrition.

D. inconsistent for symptom reduction, client satisfaction, and dropout attrition.

Answer 35

D. inconsistent for symptom reduction, client satisfaction, and dropout attrition.

Question 36

Norcross and Lambert (2011) concluded that which of the following accounts for the greatest amount of variability in psychotherapy outcomes?

A. therapist characteristics

B. patient contributions

C. therapeutic relationship

D. treatment method

Answer 36

B. patient contributions

Question 37

Which of the following is true about efficacy and effectiveness research?

A. Efficacy research has better internal validity but poorer external validity than effectiveness research does.

B. Efficacy research has better external validity but poorer internal validity than effectiveness research does.

C. Efficacy research has better internal and external validity than effectiveness research does.

D. Efficacy research has poorer internal and external validity than effectiveness research does.

Answer 37

A. Efficacy research has better internal validity but poorer external validity than effectiveness research does.

Question 38

Research evaluating the effects of routine outcome monitoring (ROM) suggests that it:

A. decreases premature termination and client deterioration during therapy.

B. decreases premature termination but has little or no effect on client deterioration during therapy.

C. decreases client deterioration during therapy but has little or no effect on premature termination.

D. is no more effective than less frequent feedback for reducing premature termination and client deterioration during therapy.

Answer 38

A. decreases premature termination and client deterioration during therapy.

Question 39

Prescribing maintenance antidepressants to prevent relapse in individuals who have received a diagnosis of major depressive disorder and participated in cognitive-behavior therapy is an example of:

A. primary prevention.

B. secondary prevention.

C. tertiary prevention.

D. quaternary prevention.

Answer 39

C. tertiary prevention

Question 40

Hans Eysenck (1952) found that symptom improvements due to psychotherapy were less than improvements due to of which of the following?

A. positive expectations

B. “common effects”

C. the therapeutic alliance

D. spontaneous remission

Answer 40

D. spontaneous remission

Question 41

A consultant is providing consultee-centered case consultation and determines that theme interference is responsible for the consultee’s inability to work effectively with clients who have received a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. Consequently, the consultant will focus primarily the consultee’s lack of:

A. confidence.

B. objectivity.

C. competence.

D. experience.

Answer 41

B. objectivity

Question 42

According to Howard et al.’s phase model (1996), symptomatic relief occurs during which of the following phases of psychotherapy?

A. rehabilitation

B. reintegrative

C. remediation

D. remoralization

Answer 42

C. remediation

Question 43

Transdiagnostic treatments are aimed at disorders that are:

A. included in the same DSM-5 diagnostic category.

B. known to respond best to a combination of psychosocial and pharmacological treatments.

C. caused and maintained by similar core mechanisms.

D. caused by similar cognitive schemas and maintained by similar cognitive distortions.

Answer 43

C. caused and maintained by similar core mechanisms.

Question 44

During a discussion on race, a White graduate student says to an African American student that she “doesn’t see color” and that “we’re all part of the human race.” As described by Sue et al. (2007), these comments are examples of which of the following?

A. microassault

B. microinvalidation

C. microinjustice

D. microinsult

Answer 44

B. microinvalidation

Question 45

Hall (1976) classified __________ styles as high- or low-context.

A. cognitive

B. communication

C. socioemotional

D. acculturation

Answer 45

B. communication

Question 46

According to Sue (2006), White middle-class Americans are most likely to have which of the following worldviews?

A. EC-IR

B. EC-ER

C. IC-ER

D. IC-IR

Answer 46

D. IC-IR

Question 47

Based on their review of the research, Sue, Zane, Nagayama Hall, and Berger (2009) concluded that culturally adapted interventions have:

A. equivalent benefits for adults and children.

B. somewhat greater benefits for adults than children.

C. somewhat greater benefits for children than adults.

D. little or no benefits for adults or children.

Answer 47

B. somewhat greater benefits for adults than children.

Question 48

Etic is to __________ as emic is to __________.

A. intrinsic; extrinsic

B. extrinsic; intrinsic

C. culture-specific; universal

D. universal; culture-specific

Answer 48

D. universal; culture-specific

Question 49

Peggy McIntosh (1998) listed the statement “I can easily buy posters, postcards, picture books, greeting cards, dolls, toys, and children’s magazines featuring people of my race” to illustrate which of the following?

A. internalized racism

B. colorism

C. White supremacy

D. White privilege

Answer 49

D. White privilege

Question 50

As described by Berry’s (1990) acculturation model, __________ occurs when members of a minority culture retain their own culture and reject the majority culture.

A. separation

B. marginalization

C. assimilation

D. integration

Answer 50

A. separation

Question 51

When working with African American therapy clients, it’s important to keep in mind that they are likely to prefer:

A. an insight-oriented, nondirective approach.

B. an egalitarian therapist-client relationship.

C. a therapist who adopts the role of knowledgeable expert.

D. a therapist who adopts the role of coach or mentor.

Answer 51

B. an egalitarian therapist-client relationship.

Question 52

When working with Asian and Asian American clients, it’s important to keep in mind that they are likely to:

A. prefer an insight-oriented, nondirective approach.

B. prefer an egalitarian therapist-client relationship.

C. express resistance by being silent and avoiding eye contact.

D. express emotional distress as physical symptoms.

Answer 52

D. express emotional distress as physical symptoms.

Question 53

People who are members of a minority group and are in the ________ stage of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s R/CID Model question the inflexibility of their positive attitudes toward their own minority group and negative attitudes toward the majority group.

A. dissonance

B. integrative awareness

C. disintegration

D. introspection

Answer 53

D. introspection

Question 54

Helm’s White Racial Identity Development Model proposes that each identity status is associated with a different information processing strategy. For example, the __________ status is associated with a strategy that involves selective perception and negative outgroup distortion.

A. disintegration

B. reintegration

C. pre-encounter

D. contact

Answer 54

B. reintegration

Question 55

Which of the following is not one of the five stages of Cross’s (1971) original Nigrescence Model of Identity Development?

A. pre-encounter

B. immersion-emersion

C. dissonance

D. internalization

Answer 55

C. dissonance

Question 56

Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s R/CID Model predicts that African-American clients are most likely to prefer a White therapist and to be uninterested in exploring their cultural identity when they’re in which of the following stages?

A. pre-encounter

B. conformity

C. dissonance

D. disintegration

Answer 56

B. Conformity

Question 57

Like many other models of homosexual identity development, Troiden’s (1988) model proposes that the initial stage of development involves:

A. feeling different from same-sex peers.

B. feeling sexually attracted to members of the same sex.

C. denying one’s same-sex feelings.

D. realizing that one’s feelings can be described as “homosexual.”

Answer 57

A. feeling different from same-sex peers.

Question 58

A White therapist is likely to be most effective when working with clients from racial and cultural minority groups when she is in which of the following of Helms’s identity statuses?

A. integrative awareness

B. reintegration

C. autonomy

D. pseudo-independence

Answer 58

C. autonomy