Clinical use of monoclonal antibodies Flashcards
What is the use of monoclonal antibodies described as?
Magic bullets
What can monoclonal antibodies be used for?
Diagnosis Therapeutics- cancer and autoimmune conditions Targeted treatments
What is a monoclonal antibody?
Monovalent antibodies which bind to the same epitope and are produced from a single B-lymphocyte clone
How were monocolonal antibodies first generated?
Generate hybridomas by immunising a certain specicies against a specific epitope on an antigen and then harvest the b-lympocyte from the spleen of the mouse
Fused with an immortal myeloma cell line
Cultured in vitro so only hybriodomas survive
Selected hybridomas are founf making a specific desired clonal antibody
How do we develop specific targeted treatments?
Antigens were present on cancer cells which were different from normal tissue so can develop ones that target the cancer
What are the different ways monoclonal antibodies can work?
Binding to cell surface receptors to :
activate or inhibit signalling within a cell
induce apoptosis
Activate ADCC or CDC
internalization- taken into the cell so can deliver toxins
Blocking inhibitory effects on t cells so they help kill the cancer cells
How common are blood cancers in the UK?
8.5%
What type of cancer is lymphoma?
B cells and T cells neoplasma
Enlargement of lymph nodes
Also may effect spleen, bone marrow, liver, skin, testes and bowel
What are the symptoms of lymphoma?
night sweats, fever, weight loss
Some have none
What can lymph nodes be taken over by?
Smal clonall B lymphocytes with retain the follicular pattern- follicular lymphoma
Larger clonal b lymphocytes- take over in diffure pattern- Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
What strategies are used to treat lymphoma?
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Monoclonal antibody therapy
Emerging new targeted therapy
Stem cell transplantation
What is CD?
cluster of differentiation classification of the antigen
Why do we use CD20 monoclonal antibody to treat B-cell lymphoma?
Using the monoclonal antibody had a better remission rate and improvement in peoples lives
What are the sideeffects of monoclonal antibodies e.g. CD20?
No or mild symtoms e.g. mild fatigue
May have mild reaction to th 1st infusion
May have severe as react to foreign protein- hypotension, rigors/chills, facial flushing, dysnoea, tachycardia, headache, fever, nausea and vomiting
How are reactions to monoclonal antibodies managed?
Patient education
Prevention pre medication
Slow infusion rate to begin with
