Clostridium - made a table instead

Question 1

what is the causative agent of botulism?

Answer 1

Clostridium botulinum

Question 2

where are the endospores of botulism found?

Answer 2

distributed in soils and aquatic environments

Question 3

what are the 7 types of toxins of C. botulinum?

Answer 3

A, B, C, D, E, F, & G

Question 4

When choosing an antitoxin for botulism what is most important for it to be an effective treatment?

Answer 4

antitoxin must match toxin

Question 5

what type of paralysis is seen with C. botulinum?

Answer 5

flaccid paralysis

Question 6

Describe the botulism endospores

Answer 6

oval subterminal endospores, bulge mother cells

Question 7

what is the most common toxin in cattle and what part of the cow contains the toxin?

Answer 7

bones and meat contain BoNT

Question 8

what is shaker foal syndrome?

Answer 8

in horses from type b
foal found dead or progressive symmetric motor paralysis

Question 9

How does the botulinum neurotoxin cause disease?

Answer 9

enter cystosol of host cell and cleaves SNARE proteins required for membrane fusion of synaptic vesicles and cell membrane > blocks AcH release

Question 10

what are clinical manifestations of C. botulinum?

Answer 10

tongue, jaw, and tail flaccidity
incoordination and knuckling fetlocks
flaccid paralysis

Question 11

How is botulism diagnosed?

Answer 11

eliminate other possible causes
history, clinicals signs, ID of toxin in serum/tissue before death

Question 12

why is the toxin not useful in dead carcaccases?

Answer 12

environmental organism used to deregulate dead carcasses > false positive

Question 13

why are you likely unable to culture C. botulinum from non-toxicoinfection cases?

Answer 13

cant grow in gut well
toxin is what is important for disease not the bacteria

Question 14

what does PCR detect for botulism?

Answer 14

toxin genes
requires bacteria from culture or patient

Question 15

How is C. botulinum treated and controlled?

Answer 15

evacuation of stomach and purging for recent ingestion
polyvalent antiserum - binds unbound toxin, serotype specific

Answer 16

Question 17

what diseases does C. chauvoei cause?

Answer 17

blackleg
clostridial myositis
black quarter

Question 18

what hemolysis does C. chauveoi have?

Answer 18

B hemolysis

Question 19

where is C. chauveio found?

Answer 19

naturally in intestinal tract of animals

Question 20

How does C. chauveio enter tissues?

Answer 20

likely ingested, organism crosses epithelial layer in GI tract to enter tissues

Question 21

Is C. chauveio an endogenous or exogenous disease?

Answer 21

endogenous disease - disease may occur without a wound

Question 22

what is the virulence factor for C. chauveio? what does it do?

Answer 22

CctA : Clostridium chauvoei toxin A > perforates host cell membrane

Question 23

What age of cattle is blackleg most commonly found?

Answer 23

well-fed 6m-2yr most commonly

Question 24

How is blackleg cause in sheep?

Answer 24

C. chauvoei-associated gas gangrene
wound infections > follows injury

Question 25

What generates lesions in blackleg? Describe lesions

Answer 25

CctA dry, dark, emphysematous

Question 26

what are the clinical manifestations of blackleg?

Answer 26

gangrenous cellulitis & crepitant myositis acute development lameness, edema, crepitation

Question 27

How is blackleg diagnosed?

Answer 27

Question 28

How is blackleg treated?

Answer 28

vaccinate susceptible animals and treat prophylactically with penicillin for up to 14 days

Question 29

How is blackleg controlled?

Answer 29

vaccination - Bacterin (killed bacteria) vaccine produced with local, previously identified clostridial strains of C. chauvoei in cases where toxoid vaccine is ineffective

Question 30

what is the causative agent of infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease)?

Answer 30

C. novyi

Question 31

Where is C. novyi found?

Answer 31

worldwide soil borne organism often present intestine and liver of herbivores

Question 32

what is the key virulence factor for black disease?

Answer 32

TcnA - lethal, necrotizing, activates GTP binding proteins leading to edema

Question 33

What species is C. novyi type B found?

Answer 33

sheep and cattle

Question 34

How are sheep and catle infected with C. novyi Type B?

Answer 34

endospores ingested and migrate to Kupffer cells in liver where they remain dormant

Question 35

How is the liver injured with C. novyi type B?

Answer 35

fluke migration - tissue is anoxic so endospores germinate

Question 36

What clinic signs are seen with black disease?

Answer 36

rarely observed and cattle simply found dead

Question 37

How is black disease diagnosed?

Answer 37

liver lesions - grayish yellow gross lesions - fluke tracts contain large gram + rods in liver

Question 38

Postmortem how does c. novyi contaminant liver?

Answer 38

GI tract

Question 39

How is C. novyi type B controlled?

Answer 39

prophylactic vaccination w/ bacterin - toxoid combination control fluke and other hepatopathic agents

Question 40

How often do animals have to be vaccinated for C. novyi type B?

Answer 40

long term immunity - 1 vaccination

Question 41

what is the causative agent of bacillary hemoglobniuria (red water disease)?

Answer 41

C. haemolyticum

Question 42

what type of disease is red water disease?

Answer 42

acute, infectious toxemic disease

Question 43

what species does red water disease infect? where?

Answer 43

ruminants - rocky mtn, pacific coast, gulf of mexico

Question 44

How are ruminants infected with C. haemolyticum?

Answer 44

grazing in pastures infested with liver flukes encysted on vegetation

Question 45

what is the virulence factor of C. haemolyticum?

Answer 45

B-toxin - hemolytic and necrotizing phospholipase C

Question 46

How do liver flukes contribute to C. haemolyticum infection?

Answer 46

young liver flukes excyst in duodenum > burrow through intestinal wall then migrate to and enter liver > damage creates anaerobic tissue > C. haemolyticum can grow

Question 47

what leads to hepatocyte necrosis and endovascular thrombosis with C. haemolyticum?

Answer 47

toxin production by vegetative growth

Question 48

what are the clinical manifestations with a subacute infection of C. haemolyticum?

Answer 48

fever, jaundice, anorexia, abdominal pain, rapid deep breathing, decreased milk production, blood in feces and urine

Question 49

How is red water disease diagnosed?

Answer 49

clinical history necropsy - lesions (infarcts) in liver

Question 50

How is C. hameolyticum confirmed?

Answer 50

C. haemolyticum in liver infarction

Question 51

How is red water disease treated?

Answer 51

Antibiotic treatment likely ineffective antitoxin

Question 52

How is C. haemolyticum controlled?

Answer 52

vaccination seasonal - 1 dose prior to dry season constant protection - semiannual vaccination