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CLPS1700 Midterm #2: Notes > CLPS 1700- Readings - Chapter 6 > Flashcards

CLPS 1700- Readings - Chapter 6 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Mood disorder

A

Psychological disorders characterized by prolonged and marked disturbances in mood that affect how people feel, what they believe and expect, how they think and talk, and how they interact with others

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2
Q

What are the four types of episodes of mood disorders?

A

Major depressive, manic, hypomanic, mixed

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3
Q

Hypomanic episode

A

Elated/irritable/euphoric mood, less distressing than mania, different from depressed

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4
Q

What is the ABC of the sphreres of functioning?

A

Affect, behavior, cognition

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5
Q

What are the two behavioral displays of depression?

A

Psychomotor agitation and psychomotor retardation

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6
Q

Psychomotor agitation

A

Wringing hands, inability to sit still, pacing, pulling/rubbing skin, etc

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7
Q

Psychomotor retardation

A

Slowing of motor functions: slower movements and speech, lower volume, etc.

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8
Q

What are vegetative signs of depression

A

Psychomotor symptoms, as well as changes in appetite, weight, and sleep

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9
Q

What are some cognitive symptoms of depression?

A

Feeling worthless, guilty; ruminating over past failings, evaluating themselves negatively, etc.

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10
Q

What is a prodrome?

A

Early symptoms of a disorder

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11
Q

What is the premorbid level of functioning?

A

The level of functioning that was standard before the MDE

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12
Q

What is the main criterion for major depressive disorder?

A

Five or more symptoms of a major depressive episodes lasting more than two weeks

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13
Q

Periods of remission between major depressive episodes are longer in what stage of life?

A

Early life

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14
Q

What gender is more likely to develop MDD?

A

Women

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15
Q

Researchers suggest a common cause between depression and what other disorder?

A

Anxiety: high comorbidity

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16
Q

What are specifiers?

A

Specific sets of symptoms that occur together or in particular patterns

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17
Q

What is atypical depression?

A

Characterized by depressed mood that brightens with good things: includes at least two of hypersomnia, increased weight gain, heavy feelings in arms or legs, persistent sensitivity to perceived rejection by others

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18
Q

What are three examples of specifiers with depression?

A

Melancholic, catatonic, and psychotic

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19
Q

What is dysthymic disorder?

A

Fewer MDE symptoms, but persist for a longer period of time

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20
Q

What is the difference in self-assessment between individuals with MDD and dysthymic disorder?

A

Because the symptoms last longer, DD’s usually incorporate the symptoms as part of who they are, rather than viewing them as happening to them

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21
Q

What is double depression?

A

Having both MDD and dysthymic

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22
Q

Are dysthymics more or less likely to experience vegetative signs of depression?

A

Less likely

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23
Q

Which has an earlier onset, MDD or DD?

A

DD

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24
Q

What is suggested by the fact that depressed people had lower frontal lobe-to-amygdala and emotion control activation?

A

Depressed people are not as good at regulating emotion

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25
What is the catecholamine hypothesis?
That depression is due to low levels of norepinephrine
26
What three neurotransmitters are related to depression?
Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
27
What is the stress-diathesis model? (Not diathesis-stress)
Focuses on HPA axis and cortisol: an excess of cortisol predisposes the brain to overreact to stress, which alters serotonin and norepinephrine systems, contributing to depressions symptoms
28
What is the difference in HPA axis activity between typical and atypical depression?
Activity increases for typical, but decreases for atypical
29
What are five psychological factors of depression?
Attentional biases (glass half empty), dysfunctional thoughts (cognitive distortions), rumination (dwelling), attributional style (what caused it?), and learned helplessness
30
What is depressive attributional style?
Global, stable, and internal "I am inherently unlovable."
31
What are the three types of medications commonly used to treat depressive disorders?
SSRIs, TCAs, MAOIs
32
SSRI
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: fewer side effects
33
TCA
Tricyclic antidepressants: some side effects, used extensively before SSRIs, approximately as effective
34
MAOI
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: inhibits the chemical breakdown (by oxidase) of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine), to result in more neurotransmitter in the synapse
35
MAOIs are more effective for treating which type of depression?
Atypical depression
36
What negative effect is associated with SSRIs?
Increased risk of suicidal thoughts/behaviors
37
When is ECT used?
When a patient can't take medication, when they have psychotic depression, or when they have severe depression that hasn't improved with medication or psychotherapy
38
What are the two main differences between hypomania and mania?
Hypomania doesn't impair functioning, and the symptoms must last at least 4 days instead of 1 week
39
What are the two types of bipolar disorders?
Bipolar I (manic or mixed episodes, maybe an MDE), and Bipolar II (alternating between hypomanic and MDE)
40
Which bipolar disorder is thought of as more severe?
Bipolar I because of the presence of manic episodes
41
Bipolar I
Mixed or manic episodes
42
Bipolar II
Alternating between hypomanic and major depressive episodes
43
What is rapid cycling?
Four or more episodes in a year
44
What is cyclothymic disorder?
Chronic, fluctuating mood disturbance with numerous hypomanic and depressive episode symptoms without meeting the criteria for an MDE
45
Overactivity of what brain area is involved in bipolar?
Amygdala: expressing emotion, regulating mood, accessing emotional memories
46
What three neurotransmitters are involved in bipolar?
Serotonin, norepinephrine, and glutamate
47
What is the main medical treatment for bipolar disorder?
Mood stabilizers like lithium carbonate, or antiepileptic drugs
48
Why should rapid cycling bipolar disorder patients NOT be prescribed antidepressants?
May exacerbate cycling
49
What are the three most common disorders that lead to suicide?
Depression, personality, and substance-related
50
Which specific phobia manifests itself later in life and involves more panic attacks than other phobias?
Situational phobia, like being on airplanes, in elevators, etc.
51
What brain area is implicated in phobias?
Amygdala: fear
52
Low levels of what neurotransmitter is associated with higher levels of anxiety?
Acetylcholine
53
How effective is CBT in treating specific phobias?
Very: 90%
54
What are obsessions?
Thoughts, impulses, or images that persist or recur, are intrusive, and inappropriate to the situation
55
What are compulsions?
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to carry out; usually corresponds thematically to an obsession
56
What is the difference between the obsessions/compulsions in OCD vs psychotic individuals?
The OCD individuals recognize that the thoughts are from their own minds, rather than implanted from aliens or something ridiculous like that
57
List some common obsessions.
Preoccupation with: contamination, order, fear of losing control, doubts about whether the patient performed an action, possible needs
58
List several compulsions.
Washing, ordering, counting, checking, hoarding
59
Which gender, if any, is more likely to develop OCD?
Both equally likely
60
Feedback loops between what three brain areas most likely contributes to compulsions?
Frontal lobes, basal ganglia, and thalamus
61
OCD is associated with a larger quantity of what in the brain?
Gray matter
62
Too much of what neurotransmitter contributes to OCD?
Serotonin
63
What does it mean for something to be subclinical?
Not severe enough to qualify as a disorder
64
What kind of conditioning occurs with OCD?
Operant: behavior is negatively reinforced: assuaging the compulsion relieves the anxiety, and is more likely to recur when the thoughts arise again
65
What are the cognitive factors of OCD?
Increased attention to and memory for threat-relevant stimuli, and impaired processing of complex visual stimuli
66
What type of medication is used to treat OCD?
SSRIs
67
What is the most common behavioral method used to treat OCD?
Response prevention: exposure to feared stimulus, and prevention of engaging in specific ritual
68
What cognitive method is often used to treat OCD?
Cognitive restructuring
69
What are the three symptoms of PTSD?
Re-experiencing the traumatic event, avoidance, and increased arousal and anxiety
70
What additional symptom contributes to a diagnosis of acute stress disorder rather than PTSD?
Dissociation
71
What factors help draw the line between stressful and traumatic events?
Experiencing/witnessing/confronting actual/threatened death/serious injury/threat to physical integrity of self or others, and if the person's response involved intense fear/helplessness/horror
72
What are the four main assumptions that trauma challenges?
That the world is fair and just, that it's possible to trust others and be safe, that it's possible to be effective in the world, and that life has purpose and meaning
73
What are the gender differences in PTSD?
Women are more develop PTSD, but men are more likely to be victims of trauma
74
What brain structure is smaller in PTSD individuals?
Hippocampus
75
Do PTSD individuals have higher or lower levels of cortisol, a stress hormone?
Lower, actually!
76
In general, what medication is used to treat PTSD?
SSRIs
77
Why are SSRIs particularly helpful in treating PTSD?
Because they also help treat comorbid depression
78
List three behavioral methods used to help treat PTSD
Exposure, relaxation, and breathing training

CLPS1700 Midterm #2: Notes (5 decks)

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