CLPS 1700- Readings - Chapter 9 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
What is a psychoactive substance?
A
Chemical that alters mental ability, mood, or behaviors
2
Q
Substance intoxication
A
Reversible dysfunctional effects on thoughts, feelings, and behavior that arise from the ingestion of a psychoactive substance
3
Q
What is substance dependence?
A
The pattern of persistent and compulsive use of a psychoactive substance, despite its negative effects
4
Q
Tolerance
A
When, with repeated use, more of the substance is required to obtain the same effect
5
Q
Withdrawal
A
Set of symptoms that arises when a regular user decreases intake of the substance
6
Q
What is the common liabilities model?
A
Also called problem behavior therapy: explains how neurological, psychological, and social factors make a person vulnerable to a variety of problematic behaviors, including substance abuse and dependence
7
Q
Which researchers are responsible for the common liabilities model?
A
Donovan and Jessor
8
Q
What is one especially important common liability?
A
Problems with impulsivity
9
Q
Which researchers are responsible for the gateway hypotehesis?
A
Kandel and Logan
10
Q
What is the gateway hypothesis?
A
entry drugs can serve as a gateway to use of harder drugs
11
Q
What is the general progression for substance use/abuse?
A
Initiation, experimentation, casual use, regular use, abuse and dependence
12
Q
What are two factors that are associated with progressing from entry drugs to hard drugs?
A
Age and quantity: the younger you start, the more likely you are to abuse; and the more you use initially, the more likely you are to abuse later
13
Q
What are some frequent comorbidities for substance abuse disorders?
A
Mood disorders (mostly depression), PTSD, schizophrenia, ADHD
14
Q
What is a polysubstance abuse disorder?
A
When people abuse more than one substance
15
Q
What is one of the more dangerous polysubstance combinations?
A
A barbiturate (slows down breathing) with alcohol
16
Q
Which gender is more likely to abuse/be dependent on substances?
A
Males, but women more likely to be diagnosed with abuse/dependence of prescribed medication
17
Q
Rank the likelihood of alcohol abuse/dependence from least to most: Asian-American, Native American, African-American.
A
Asian, African, Native
18
Q
List the four cultural patterns of alcohol use/lack of.
A
Abstinence (Muslim), constrained (Jewish), common (Mediterranea), fiesta drunkenness (Mardi Gras)
19
Q
List two illegal stimulants.
A
Crack, cocaine
20
Q
List five stimulants that have both legal and illegal purposes.
A
Amphetamines, methamphetamines, Ritalin, MDMA (ecstasy), and nicotine
21
Q
What is a common stimulant that people forget about?
A
Nicotine
22
Q
What is the difference between crack and cocaine?
A
Crack is a crystal and is smoke, while cocaine is a powder and is inhaled
23
Q
Which stimulant is a local anesthetic?
A
Cocaine
24
Q
What are some of negative effects of high doses of cocaine?
A
Paranoia, delusions, hallucinations, compulsive and repetitive behaviors, increased heart rate and blood pressure, loss of appetite
25
List some medical consequences of cocaine abuse.
Disturbances in heart rhythm, heart attacks, chest pain, respiratory failure, strokes, seizures, headaches, abdominal pain, nausea
26
How are the effects of crack different from cocaine?
Acts much more quickly, much more intense
27
What are amphetamines?
Typically produce the same effects as cocaine, but longer-lasting
28
List some common amphetamines.
Benzedrine, dexedrine, adderall
29
Amphetamines are legally used to treat what?
ADHD and narcolepsy
30
What is amphetamine psychosis?
A condition characterized by paranoid delusions and hallucinations, similar to paranoid schizophrenia
31
What happens with sustained amphetamine use?
Hostility, sense of grandiosity, disorganized thinking/behavior, amphetamine psychosis
32
What are the irreversible effects of amphetamine abuse?
Memory and physical coordination problems, enduring neuron changes
33
What are methamphetamines?
Chemically similar to amphetamines, greater and longer-lasting effect on the central nervous system: intense rush of pleasure; may be smoked, inhaled, swallowed, or injected
34
What are some side effects of methamphetamines?
Irritability, heart problems, hallucinations, paranoia
35
What can abuse of methamphetamines result in?
Affects functioning of dopamine and serotonin (leads to motor problems and impaired memory and emotional regulation), increased blood pressure may cause strokes; psychosis (paranoia, hallucinations), repetitive motor activity, memory loss, aggressive behavior, mood disturbances, severe dental problems, weight loss
36
Ritalin is most frequently prescribed for what disorder?
ADHD
37
What happens in each of the three ways one can take Ritalin?
Swallowing (usually doesn't lead to dependence), inhaling/snorting (quicker high, increased heart rate, stroke, or lung problems), injecting (similar effects to cocaine)
38
What are the effects of MDMA/ecstasy, and what two drugs is it a "combination" of, effect-wise?
Methamphetamines and mescaline: for stimulation and hallucinations
39
What are some of the more severe MDMA withdrawal symptoms?
Impaired cognitive functioning; memory problems; poor concentration, depression, decreased appetite, fatigue, etc.
40
What are some side effects of MDMA?
Increased blood pressure, heart rate, excessive sweating (acute dehydration and hyperthermia)
41
What neurotransmitters plays a major role in the pleasurable experience of stimulants?
Dopamine
42
What brain area is involved in reward circuits?
Nucleus accumbens (activated by ventral tegmental area)
43
What role does the GABA interneuron play in the dopamine reward circuit?
Supresses dopamine cell firing, reducing the release of dopamine by the nucleus accumbens
44
What do opioids/nicotine/alcohol do about the activity of GABA interneurons?
Block its inhibitory control of GABA interneurons over the ventral tegmental area: results in increased dopamine activity
45
What does dopamine in the ventral tegmental neuron cell body do?
Releases dopamine in the nucleus accumbens
46
How do opioids/nicotine/alcohol interact with ventral tegmental cell bodies?
Stimulate them directly through specific receptors or by altering the activity of transmitters from other brain areas
47
What does a dopamine transporter do?
Recycles some of the released dopamine back into the terminal buttons
48
What do cocaine and amphetamines do in the dopamine reward circuit?
Block the reuptake of dopamine, which accumulates in the synapse, where it can further stimulate dopamine receptors; amphetamines also cause dopamine release
49
People with what comparative level of dopamine receptors rate Ritalin use as pleasant?
Less dopamine receptors: reduced reward activation, which is boosted by substance abuse
50
What does cocaine do in the transfer of dopamine? (and meth?)
Binds to dopamine receptors, leaving more dopamine in the synapse so that the neuron fires even when there's relatively little dopamine released by the sending neuron
51
What other three neurotransmitters are especially important in stimulant abuse, besides dopamine?
GABA, serotonin, and glutamate
52
The GABAnergic system involves what brain area?
Frontal lobe: motivated behavior; involved in switch from use to abuse
53
Glutamate receptors are prominent in what brain areas?
Cortical and limbic regions of the brain: help produce reinforcing effects of drugs, and negative withdrawal effects
54
How does serotonin impact substance abuse?
Regulation of basic biological functions, producing desire for cocaine
55
What is the main contribution of GABA, glutamate, and serotonin on stimulant abuse?
All can increase dopamine production in the nucleus accumbens and other dopamine-producing areas
56
What are the three types of psychological factors for substance abuse disorders?
Observational learning, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning
57
How does operant conditioning influence stimulant abuse?
If stimulant use is followed by pleasant sensations, it's positive reinforcement; and expectations lead to reward craving; and by alleviating negative states, it's also negative reinforcement
58
Reward craving
When expectation of a drug's positive effects activates the dopamine reward system
59
Relief craving
The desire for temporary emotional relief that can arise from substance use
60
Drug cues
The stimuli associated with drug use that come to elicit conditioned responses through their repeated pairings with use of the drug
61
How does classical conditioning influence stimulant abuse?
The drug cues elicit conditioned responses and then can themselves elicit the activation of the dopamine reward system
62
List four depressants.
Alcohol, barbiturates, opiates, and benzodiazepines (Valium, etc.)
63
What are the four symptoms of alcohol dependence?
Cravings, loss of control, physical dependence, and tolerance
64
List two sedative-hypnotic drugs.
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines
65
Why are barbiturates often prescribed?
For sleep problems
66
Why are benzodiazepines often prescribed?
To alleviate muscle pain, to aid sleep, or as a short-term anxiety treatment
67
What neurotransmitter system do depressants affect?
The GABAnergic system: widespread and activates inhibitory neurons
68
How do GABA and its interactions with depressants interact with the amygdala?
Inhibit the amygdala, so dulls fear and anxiety
69
Alcohol consumption induces the production of what neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
70
Chronic use of alcohol induces the production of what neurotransmitter?
Endogenous opioids: "pleasure chemicals," responsible for runner's high, etc.
71
Alcohol dependence impairs what brain function?
Memory: can't store new memories well, may become Korsakoff's syndrome
72
What is cirrhosis of the liver?
Liver tissue scarring from excessive alcohol consumption
73
Are substance abused disorders heritable?
Yes: often run in families
74
Being high in what personality trait makes one more likely to abuse alcohol?
Anxiety sensitivity
75
Narcotic analgesics
Derived from opiom poppy plant or chemically related substances; opiates, opioids
76
List four opioids
Methadone, heroin, codeine, and morphine
77
List two well-known synthetic opioids.
OxyContin and Vicodin, Demerol, Darvon, etc.
78
What are narcotic analgesics primarily prescribed for?
Pain
79
How do narcotic analgesics affect the central nervous system?
Depress: slower breathing, drowsiness
80
List four hallucinogens.
LSD, marijuana, mescaline, and psilocybin
81
What are hallucinogens?
Substances that induce sensory or perceptual distortions: hallucinations in any of the senses
82
What is psilocybin?
Shrooms!!!
83
What are two aftereffects of LSD?
Psychosis and flashbacks
84
What are the effects of LSD?
Alters visual and auditory sensation, induces shifting emotion, may induce synesthesia; delusions and distortions of time in high doses
85
What are the effects of marijuana?
Vivid sensations, slowing down of time, impaired cognitive and motor abilities
86
THC activates what brain system?
Dopamine reward system
87
What is a dissociative anesthetic?
Produces a sense of detachment from surroundings; dissociation; called anesthetics because used to be used during surgery
88
Name two common dissociative anesthetics.
PCP: club drugs; feel powerful or invulnerable; may become violent or suicidal; and Ketamine: induces anesthesia and hallucinations, shorter-lasting than PCP
89
How does heroin interact with brain systems?
Binds to opioids receptors, decreases pain, indirectly activates the dopamine reward system; decreases endorphin production (natural painkillers)
90
What neurotransmitter do dissociative anesthetics affect?
Glutamate: fast-acting excitatory neurotransmitters; induce brain activity, may underlie the violent impulse of PCP/ketamine
91
Why is heroin death called an "overdose" in parentheses?
It's the same amount, but if taken in a new place, there's no conditioned defense from the body to deal with the amount it's gotten used to in the previous situation
92
What are two ways in which medical companies have tried to aid abstinence when treating substance abuse disorders?
By providing medication to minimize withdrawal symptoms, and by providing medications that block the high and extinguish conditioned responses
93
When abstinence can't be reached, what is the middle ground goal for substance abuse disorder treatment?
Harm reduction: like needle exchange programs
94
Detoxification
Medically supervised withdrawal for those with substance dependence
95
Which drugs have the most direct effect on the dopamine reward system?
Stimulants
96
What is nicotine replacement therapy?
Delivering nicotine less harmfully, as by patch
97
What medication is given for stimulant dependence?
Not much developed yet, but bupropion for nicotine also inhibits dopamine, so affects methamphetamine abuse
98
What medication is given for depressant dependence?
Medications that substitute less harmful drugs in place of worse ones, like Valium for alcohol and other depressants
99
What does the drug Antabuse do, and for what dependence?
For alcohol dependence, creates nausea and vomiting: conditions patients to avoid alcohol
100
Clinics give methadone to what kinds of addicts?
Heroin
101
What does methadone do?
Synthetic opiate: binds to same receptors as heroin, so reduces the high; prevents heroin withdrawal and cravings
102
What are the four parts of targeting psychological factors when treating substance abused disorders?
Increasing user's motivation to cease od decrease substance use; changing the user's expectations of the drug experience; increasing the user's involvement in treatment; and decreasing the classically and operantly conditioned behaviors associated with use of the drug
103
What is "stages of change?"
A series of five stages that characterizes how ready a person is to change problematic behaviors
104
List the five stages of change
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance
105
What is motivation enhancement therapy?
A form of treatment specifically designed to boost a patient's motivation to decrease or stop substance use by highlighting discrepancies between state personal goals related to substance use and current behaviors; also referred to as motivational interviewing
106
What are the three foci of CBT for substance abuse?
Understand/change thoughts/feelings/behavior that leads to substance abuse; understand/change the consequences of substance abuse; and develop alternative behaviors to substitute for substance abuse
107
Abstinence reinforcement
Part of CBT: decreasing positive consequences of drug use, increasing the positive consequences of abstaining
108
Contingency management
Reinforcement is contingent on the desired behavior occurring, od the undesired behavior not occurring
109
Twelve-step facilitation
Based on the twelve steps of AA: focuses on modifying behavior and asking for help, and on seeking abstinence; targets motivation
