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CNS 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

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2
Q

“Arteries of stroke”

A

Lateral striate arteries; branches of middle cerebral artery; supply internal capsules and motor tracts

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3
Q

Main feeders of the brain

A

Internal carotid & vertebral arteries

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4
Q

Supply medial surface of brain

A

Anterior cerebral artery

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5
Q

supply lateral surface of brain

A

Middle cerebral artery

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6
Q

Supply posterior surface of brain

A

Posterior cerebral artery

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7
Q

What happens if occlusion proximal to anterior communicating artery?

A

No damage b/c contralateral flow

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8
Q

What happens if occlusion distal to anterior communicating artery?

A

Contralateral hemiparesis & hemisensory loss involving leg & foot
Apraxia (difficulty performing tasks)
Inability to identify objects, apathy, & personality changes (frontal & parietal lobes)

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9
Q

Occlusion of middle cerebral artery causes?

A

Contralateral hemiparesis & hemisensory loss involving face & arm

Aphasia (if left hemisphere affected Brocas/Wernickes)

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia (damage to optic radiation)

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10
Q

Occlusion of posterior cerebral artery causes?

A

Acute loss of vision (occipital lobe)

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia w/ macular sparing

Visual agnosia (damage to left occipital lobe)

Impairment of memory (damage to temporal lobe)

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11
Q

Blood supply of spinal cord

A

Anterior spinal artery (75%)

Posterior spinal artery (25%)

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12
Q

Neurons

A

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

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13
Q

Supporting cells

A

Cells that surround & wrap neurons; called neuralgia or glial cells

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14
Q

Most abundant, versatile, & highly branched-shape like star, glial cells

Cling to neurons/synaptic endings & cover capillaries (BBB)

A

Astrocytes

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15
Q

Small, ovoid cells with spiny processes

Macrophages (Pac-Man) of CNS

Phagocytes that monitor the health of neurons

A

Microglia

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16
Q

Range in shape from squamous to columnar

Line central cavities of brain & spinal column

Secrete CSF along with choroid plexus

Have cilia which help circulation of CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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17
Q

Branched cells that wrap CNS nerve fibers

Form myelin sheath which wrap around axon

A

Oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

Form myelin sheath in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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19
Q

Surround neuron cell bodies with ganglia

A

Satellite cells

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20
Q

Form the BBB

A

Exceptionally tight junctions b/w brain capillary endothelial cells

Basement membrane

Astrocyte processes

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21
Q

Infarction destroys BBB leading to?

A

Vasogenic edema (extracellular accumulation of fluid)

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22
Q

Node of ranvier

A

Gaps in myelin sheath

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23
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Node to node jumping of depolarization

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24
Q

Type of neurons in the eyes, ears, & nose

A

Bipolar

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25
Neuron never found in humans
Unipolar
26
Neuron present in dorsal root ganglia
Pseudounipolar neuron
27
Most common type of neuron in the brain & spinal cord
Multipolar
28
Immune-mediated inflammatory selective demyelination of CNS
Multiple sclerosis
29
Hypocalcemia ______ NT release; Hypercalcemia _____ NT release
Decreases; increases
30
Hypomagnesemia _____ NT release; Hypermagnesemia ____ NT release
Increases; decreases; antagonistic actions against Ca
31
Blocks release of ACh from presynaptic terminals Total blockade, flaccid paralysis (“floppy baby”)
Botulinum toxin
32
Competes w/ ACh for receptor on Motor end plate Decrease EPP; paralysis of resp. muscles & death
Curare
33
Inhibits AChE Prolongs and enhances action of ACh at muscle end plate
Neostigmine
34
Blocks re-uptake of choline into presynaptic terminal Depletes ACh stores from presynaptic terminals
Hemicholinium
35
Antibodies block Ca channels No release of ACh
Aminoglycosides & Lambort Eaton syndrome
36
Excessive release of ACh Conclusion
Black widow spider
37
What happens with myasthenia gravis?
Antibodies reduce # of ACh receptors= ACh cannot attach so no muscle contraction
38
Symptoms of myasthenia gravis
Double vision Difficulty swallowing & speaking Skeletal muscle weakness & fatigue
39
Tx of myasthenia gravis
AChE inhibitors (Endrophonium, Physostigmine) prevent degradation of ACh & prolongs the action of ACh at the muscle end plate Thmectomy if thymus gland source of antibodies
40
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic disease
Antibodies against Ca channels reduces release of ACh
41
Why does repetitive nerve stimulation demonstrate an increase in the motor AP with lambert-Eaton vs the decrease in response in pt with true myasthenia gravis?
Nerve stimulation causes release of ACh
42
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)
Depolarize postsynaptic cell Opening of Na channels Includes: ACh, NorEpi, Epi, Dopamine, Glutamate, & serotonin
43
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)
Hyperpolarize postsynaptic cell Opening of K or Cl channels Include: y amino butyric acid (GABA) & glycine
44
Occurs if several nerve terminals fire at approximately same time
Spatial summation
45
Occurs if another action potential invades the nerve terminal before the first one has disappeared. Produces “staircase effect”
Temporal summation
46
Occurs after tetanic stimulation Due to accumulation of Ca
Facilitation, augmentation & post-tetanic potentiation
47
Fade of neurotransmitter activity
Tyrosine L-dopa Dopamine NorEpi Epi
48
Substantia nigra
Dopamine
49
Gigantocellular neurons of reticular formation
ACh
50
Locus ceruleus
NorEpi
51
Nuclei of the raphe
Serotonin
52
In pheochromocytoma, urinary excretion of what is increased?
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) (metabolite of NorEpi)
53
Inhibits prolactin secretion
Dopamine
54
Most common excitatory NT | Also excites the cell to death in stroke
Glutamate “go glutamate go”
55
Formed from histidine Increases acid secretion in stomach Released by mast cells
Histamine
56
GABA
Inhibitory NT in spinal cord, basal ganglia, cerebellum, & cerebral cortex GABA(A) receptors increases Cl conductance GABA(B) receptors increase K conductance
57
Inhibitory NT mainly in spinal cord Increases Cl conductance Tetanus toxin blocks
Glycine
58
Short acting inhibitory NT in GIT, blood vessels & CNS Action enhanced by sildenafil Acts via cGMP
Nitric oxide (NO)
59
Natural opiates Dynorphin, enkephalins Inhibit release of substance P
Endorphins
60
Very inhibitory hormone Anti growth hormone effect
Somatostatin
61
High in anxiety low in depression
NorEpi
62
High in schizophrenia, low in Parkinson’s
Dopamine
63
Low in anxiety and depression
Serotonin
64
Low in Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, REM sleep
ACh
65
Low in anxiety, Huntington’s
GABA
66
Effect of acidosis
Depresses neuronal activity pH change from 7.4 to 7.0 usually will induce coma
67
Effect of alkalosis
Increases neuronal excitability pH change form 7.4-8.0 usually will induce seizures
68
Effect of hypoxia
Brain highly dependent on O2 Interruption of brain blood flow for 3-7 sec can lead to unconsciousness
69
NMDA receptor antagonist
Nitrous Oxide

Patho (13 decks)

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