Resp 1

Question 1

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 1

Moving air into and out of the lungs

Question 2

External respiration

Answer 2

Gas exchange b/w the lungs and the blood

Question 3

Transport

Answer 3

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide b/w the lungs and tissues

Question 4

Internal respiration

Answer 4

Gas exchange b/w the systemic blood vessels and tissues

Question 5

Fx

Answer 5

Fractional volume or pressure (FN2 nitrogen fraction of pressure)

Question 6

Cx

Answer 6

Concentration (content)

CO2: total oxygen content

Question 7

a

Answer 7

Arterial blood

Question 8

A

Answer 8

Alveolar gas

Question 9

c

Answer 9

Pulmonary capillary blood

Question 10

E

Answer 10

Mixed expired gas

Question 11

Do not take part in gas exchange “physiological shunt”

Answer 11

Bronchial arteries

Question 12

From aorta, bronchial arteries are __ % of cardiac output

Answer 12

2

Question 13

Bring deoxygenated blood from right ventricle

Answer 13

Pulmonary arteries

Question 14

Functions of nose:

Answer 14

Heat & moisture exchanger (HME)
Air conditioning (100% humidification & warming the inspired air)
Filtration by nasal hairs (up to 6 micrometer particles)

Question 15

Bleeding can occur while inserting nasal tubes d/t?

Answer 15

Increased vascularity of nasal mucosa

Question 16

_________ can lead to lung crusting and infection

Answer 16

Tracheostomy

Question 17

Which lung is more common site for inhaled foreign object? Why?

Answer 17

Right; Right main stem bronchus is more wide and vertical

Question 18

________ pleura covers lung, ______ covers chest cavity

Answer 18

Visceral; parietal

Question 19

What is the pressure in the pleural space? Why?

Answer 19

-5 cmH2O. Lungs have natural tendency to collapse while ribs try to move outward creating a vacuum in the pleural space

Question 20

What happens to the pressure in the pleural space if air is introduced such as a stab wound or pneumo?

Answer 20

Will become 0 cmH2O (lung will collapse)

Question 21

What happens if elastic tissue is destroyed?

Answer 21

The inward force is less and the chest cavity starts moving outward (Barrel shaped chest deformity)

Question 22

Right main stem bronchus makes a _____ degree angle while left makes a _____ degree angle with trachea

Answer 22

25; 45

Question 23

________ cells secrete mucus

Answer 23

Goblet

Question 24

Clear the passageways “house keepers”

Answer 24

Cilia

Question 25

Type II cells

Answer 25

Produce surfactant

Question 26

Type I cells

Answer 26

Produce angiotensin converting enzyme

Question 27

Total surface are of resp membrane

Answer 27

70 m2

Question 28

Resp membrane consists of:

Answer 28

``` Alveolar fluid lining (contain surfactant) Alveolar Epithelium Epithelial basement membrane Interstitial Space Capillary basement membrane Capillary endothelial membrane ```

Question 29

DLCO

Answer 29

Diffusion capacity of lung for Carbonmonoxide

Question 30

Reduced DLCO indicates?

Answer 30

Disrupted alveolar capillary surface | Abnormal in emphysema & interstitial fibrosis

Question 31

Most important muscle for inspiration

Answer 31

Diaphragm

Question 32

Muscles used for inspiration during exercise and respiratory distress

Answer 32

External intercostals, scalene, & sternomastoids

Question 33

Inspiration is active or passive process?

Answer 33

Active

Question 34

Expiration is active or passive process?

Answer 34

Passive (no ATP)

Question 35

Expiratory muscles used with exercise or with airway resistance (asthma)

Answer 35

Rectus abdominis, internal & external oblique, transversus abdominis, internal intercostal

Question 36

What happens when the diaphragm contracts/descends?

Answer 36

It increases intrathoracic volume & decreases intrathoracic pressure below atm pressure allowing air to enter lungs down its pressure gradient

Question 37

The diaphragm accounts for ______ of tidal volume during normal quiet respiration

Answer 37

75%

Question 38

Diaphragm supplied by which nerve?

Answer 38

Phrenic (C3-C5)

Question 39

If the tidal volume is 500 ml, how much is an atomic dead space?

Answer 39

150 ml (2ml/kg)

Question 40

Factors that increase dead space

Answer 40

Pulmonary vascular disease, pulmonary embolism, COPD, ARDS, Pulmonary fibrosis, shock, old age, positive pressure ventilation

Question 41

Factors that decrease dead space

Answer 41

Artificial airways (d/t narrow diameter)

Question 42

The volume of air that enters non-perfused or poorly perfused alveoli. Normally 0

Answer 42

Alveolar dead space

Question 43

Physiological dead space (VD) =

Answer 43

Tidal volume x (PaCO2 - PECO2)/ PaCO2

Question 44

Minute ventilation

Answer 44

Sum of all exhaled gas volume in 1 min | Tidal volume x breaths/min = 5L/min

Question 45

Alveolar ventilation

Answer 45

Volume of inspired gases actually taking part in gas exchange in 1 min Indicated by PCO2 = (tidal volume - dead space) x breaths/min

Question 46

Normal air pressure in alveoli

Answer 46

0 cmH20

Question 47

Air pressure in alveoli _______ in inspiration and _______ in expiration

Answer 47

Decreases; increases

Question 48

The major driving force for air flow into the lungs during quiet normal inspiration

Answer 48

The air pressure in alveoli

Question 49

Transpulmonary pressure =

Answer 49

Alveolar pressure - pleural pressure

Question 50

First breath of neonates generates transpulmonary pressure of?

Answer 50

40-80 cmH20

Question 51

During inspiration, pleural pressure goes from ____ to ____ cmH2O

Answer 51

-5 to -8

Question 52

Why does forced expiration (COPD) cause airway collapse?

Answer 52

The intrapleural pressure becomes more positive compressing the airways (Bernoulli’s law)

Question 53

Shows distensibility of lungs and chest wall

Answer 53

Lung compliance

Question 54

Lung compliance is ______ related to elastance, which depends on the amount of elastic tissue; _____ related to stiffness

Answer 54

Inversely; inversely

Question 55

Compliance =

Answer 55

Change in volume of lung/ change in transpulmonary pressure. 200 ml/cmH20

Question 56

With emphysema the lung-chest wall system will seek a new _____ FRC while with fibrosis it will seek a new ____ FRC

Answer 56

Higher; lower