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CNS 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

Joint receptors

Stretch receptors in muscle

Hair cells in auditory & vestibular system

A

Mechanoreceptors

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2
Q

Rods and cones of retina

A

Photoreceptor

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3
Q

Olfactory receptors

Taste receptors

Osmoreceptors

Carotid body O2 receptors

A

Chemoreceptors

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4
Q

Extreme of temperature and pain

A

Nocireceptors

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5
Q

Onion-like structure in subq area

Sensation: vibration & tapping

Adaption: rapidly

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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6
Q

Present in non-hairy skin

Sensation: velocity

Adaption: rapidly

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

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7
Q

Encapsulated

Sensation: pressure

Adaptation: slowly

A

Ruffini’s corpuscle

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8
Q

Transducer is on epithelial cells

Sensation: location

Adaptation: slowly

A

Merkel’s disk

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9
Q

Most sensitive nerve fiber to LA

Fast pain, temp, touch, & pressure

A

A-delta (III)

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10
Q

Nerve fiber resistant to LA

Slow pain and temp (unmyelinated)

A

C (IV)

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11
Q

2 pathways of sensory information

A

Dorsal (posterior) column tract

Anterolateral tract
. Lateral spinothalamic tract
. Ventral (anterior) spinothalamic tract

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12
Q

Dorsal column system responsible for?

A

Fine touch (2 point), pressure, proprioception, tactile localization, & vibration

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13
Q

Anterolateral system responsible for?

A

Pain, temperature, light touch (feather), tickling & sexual sensations

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14
Q

_____ crosses the midline in the brain stem while the _____ crosses the midline in the spinal cord

A

Dorsal column tract; anterolateral system

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15
Q

He major somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex are?

A

S1 & S2

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16
Q

The “map” of the body is called?

A

Sensory homunculus

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17
Q

The largest area of somatosensory cortex (sensory homunculus) represent the ______, where ______ is most important

A

Lips, face, hands, and fingers; precise localization

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18
Q

Loss of somatic sensory area 1 results in:

A

1) loss of discrete localization ability
2) inability to judge the degree of pressure
3) inability to determine the weight of an object
4) inability to determine the shape or form of objects (astereognosis)
5) inability to judge texture

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19
Q

2 functional brain systems:

A

Limbic system

Reticular formation

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20
Q

Structures located on medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres & diencephalon (rhinencephalon, amygdala, hypothalamus, & anterior nucleus of thalamus)

Important in emotions

Puts emotional response to odors

Responsible for F activities- feeding, fleeing, fighting, feeling, & sex

A

Limbic system

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21
Q

Deals with anger, danger, and fear responses

A

Amygdala

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22
Q

Plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves mental conflict

A

Cingulate gyrus

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23
Q

Indirect route for sensory information reaching to sensory strip

Maintains alert/awake state

OFF when sleeping

Complete loss of this activity is coma

A

Reticular activating system (RAS)

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24
Q

General anesthetics produce sedation and hypnosis by depressing _____

A

RAS

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25
Ability to discriminate tactile sensation Important role in perception of pain & temp Information form diff. parts of body is arranged somatotopically Destruction of these nuclei result in loss of sensation on contralateral side of body
Thalamus
26
What does the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus do?
Oxytocin release Water conservation Satiety
27
What does the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus do?
Vasopressin release
28
If the right lateral spinothalamic tract is severed at C3, what sensations are lost where?
Pain and temperature on left side
29
What sensations are blocked in the lateral column by epidural or spinal anesthesia?
Pain and temperature
30
Lamina __ & __ is substantia gelatinosa
II, III
31
``` Free (naked) nerve endings Myelinated Diameter= 1-4 mc m Fast/sharp pain (stinging, pricking); 6-30 m/sec Well localize, can point to pain ```
A-delta fibers
32
``` Free (naked) nerve endings Unmyelinated Diameter= 0.4-1.2 mc m Transmit slow/chronic pain; 0.5-2m/sec Diffuse, burning, aching, throbbing sensation ```
C fibers
33
Where do cell bodies of A-delta and C fibers lie?
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG)
34
Fibers ascend or descend 1-3 segments in?
Track of Lissauer
35
A-delta fibers terminate in laminate __ & __ of dorsal horn & cross to the contralateral lateral spinothalamic tract and ascend to brain
I, V
36
C fibers terminate in laminate __ & __
II, III (substantia gelatinosa)
37
For A-delta fibers, the NT is _____ which binds to AMPA and NMDA receptors on postsynaptic membrane
Glutamate
38
For C fibers, the NT is _____ which binds to NK-1 receptor on postsynaptic membrane
Substance P
39
Slow onset and long duration analgesia No early depression of ventilation bc uptake by systemic circulation is minimal Late (6-12hrs) depression of ventilation occurs due to rostral (towards head) spread of morphine in CSF
Intrathecal (spinal) placement of hydrophilic opioid
40
Slow onset and long duration of analgesia Early depression of ventilation (w/in 2 hrs) due to increased uptake by systemic circulation (rapid transportation) Late depression of ventilation occur due to rostral spread in CSF
Epidural placement of Hydrophilic opioid
41
Rapid diffusion out of CSF Rapid onset and short duration of analgesia Early depression (w/in 2 hrs) of ventilation d/t significant uptake by systemic circulation D/t rapid diffusion out of CSF, little left in CSF for rostral spread so late depression of ventilation does NOT occur
Intrathecal and Epidural placement of lipophilic opioids
42
Effects of mu-1 receptors
``` Supraspinal & spinal analgesia Euphoria Low abuse potential Meiosis (PPP) Bradycardia Hypothermia Urinary retention-C/I in BPH Pruritus ```
43
Effects of Mu-2 receptors
Spinal analgesia Respiratory depression (decreased sensitivity of resp. center to CO2) Addiction Constipation (marked) decreased motility & tone of GI muscles Increased CSF pressure (cerebral edema) C/I in head injury
44
Effects of kappa receptors
Supraspinal & spinal analgesia Dysphasia, sedation Low abuse potential Diuresis
45
Effects of delta receptors
Supraspinal & spinal analgesia Respiratory depression Physical dependence Constipation (minimal)
46
Pain do to stimulus that does not normally provoke pain
Allodynia
47
Increased sensitivity to pain
Hyperalgesia
48
Destruction of thalamic nuclei
Thalmic syndrome
49
Severe facial pain | CN V & IX
Tic Douloureux (trigeminal neuralgia)
50
Light focuses behind the retina & is corrected w/ a convex lens
Hypertropia- farsighted
51
Light focuses in front of retina & corrected w/ biconcave lens
Myopia-nearsighted
52
What deficiency causes night blindness?
Vitamin A
53
Cutting the optic nerve causes?
Blindness in ipsilateral eye
54
Cutting the optic chiasm causes?
Heteronymous bitemporal hemianopia (tunnel vision in pituitary adenoma)
55
Cutting the optic tract causes?
Homonymous contralateral hemianopia
56
Cutting the geniculocalcarine tract causes?
Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
57
Auditory ossicles
Malleus, incus, & stapes
58
Membrane b/w middle ear and inner ear
Oval window
59
The scala vestibuli & scala tympani contain ______ & have a high __
Perilymph; Na
60
The scala media contains _____ & has high ___
Endolymph; K
61
The base of basilar membrane responds best to which frequencies?
High
62
The apex of basilar membrane responds best to which frequencies?
Low
63
Defects in external or middle ear Defects in transmission of sound to inner ear d/t was, foreign body, destruction of auditory ossicals, thickening of ear drum d/t repeated ear infection Bone conductance > Air conductance
Conductive deafness
64
Defects in inner ear or vestibulocochlear nerve Both bone & air conductance are reduced Adverse effect of aminoglycosides
Nerve deafness
65
Receptor for pain
Free nerve endings in the skin, muscle, & viscera

Patho (13 decks)

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