CNS

Question 1

what are meningothelial cells supported by and what is their function

Answer 1

supported by connective tissue and have protective function

Question 2

where are the meninges located

Answer 2

outer layer of brain and cord in CNS

Question 3

what are the 3 layers of the meninges

Answer 3

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 4

describe the dura mater

Answer 4

thick layer of dense CT internally lined by mesothelium

Question 5

what does the dura mater fuse with in the cranium

Answer 5

periosteum of the skull

Question 6

what is the subarachnoid space lined with

Answer 6

flattened mesothelial cells

Question 7

what is the pia mater adhered to

Answer 7

the surface of the brain and cord

Question 8

what makes up the leptomeninges

Answer 8

pia and arachnoid mater

Question 9

what are neurons in the CNS derived from

Answer 9

neuroectodermal cells of the neural tube

Question 10

what is the spatial relationship between grey matter and white matter in the cerebral cortex

Answer 10

gray matter is peripheral and white matter is central

Question 11

what does peripheral gray matter contain

Answer 11

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and axons

Question 12

what does central white matter contain

Answer 12

myelinated axons

Question 13

what are neuroglia and what is their function

Answer 13

-they are highly branched support cells in CNS
-they function to provide structural and metabolic support for neurons

Question 14

what are the 4 types of neuroglia

Answer 14

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells

Question 15

what are oligodendrocytes and where are they located

Answer 15

make myelin sheaths in the CNS, located mostly in white matter

Question 16

what are astrocytes and what is their function

Answer 16

most highly branched, largest neuroglial cells
- provide structural and metabolic support and aid in tissue repair following injury

Question 17

what are microglia and what is their function

Answer 17

-phagocytic, fixed-tissue macrophages, smallest neuroglial cells
-function: immune

Question 18

where are ependymal cells found and what is their function

Answer 18

-cuboidal epithelium lining ventricles and central canal of spinal cord, ciliated for reabsorption of CSF
-job is to circulate and reabsorb CSF to prevent accumulation

Question 19

what secretes CSF

Answer 19

the choroid plexus

Question 20

what is the choroid plexus

Answer 20

vascular structure arising from walls of ventricles of the brain
-contains ependymal cells that secrete CSF

Question 21

what is the function of CSF

Answer 21

acts as a shock absorber

Question 22

what does the neocortex include

Answer 22

sensory, motor, and association areas

Question 23

what are the folds of the cerebrum called

Answer 23

gyri

Question 24

what are nuclei in the cerebrum

Answer 24

clusters of neuron cell bodies that form islands of gray matter in the cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 25

what are the neuroglial cells in gray matter

Answer 25

microglial cells, astrocytes, and neuron cell bodies

Question 26

what neuroglia does the white matter contain

Answer 26

oligodendrocytes

Question 27

what are tracts in gray matter

Answer 27

axons leading in and out that are grouped in bundles

Question 28

how do you distinguish neuron cell bodies in a slide of gray matter

Answer 28

they are triangular with a small nucleus attached and a white halo

Question 29

what are the 6 layers of cortical neurons from superficial to deep

Answer 29

plexiform, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, ganglionic, fusiform

Question 30

what are pyramidal cells

Answer 30

pyramid shaped neurons with long, slender axons carying in size from small to large -most common neuron cell body

Question 31

what are betz cells

Answer 31

largest pyramidal cells that are upper motor neurons in motor cortex

Question 32

what are stellate (granule) cells

Answer 32

small start shaped neurons with short axons and dendrites

Question 33

what are cells of martinotti

Answer 33

small neurons with long, horizontal axons

Question 34

what are fusiform cells

Answer 34

vertically oriented, spindle shaped neurons with vertical axons

Question 35

what are horizontal cells of cajal

Answer 35

horizontally oriented, spindle shaped neurons with horizontal axons -least common type, only found in superficial layer

Question 36

what are the 5 types of cortical neurons

Answer 36

-pyramidal cells -stellate -cells of martinotti -fusiform cells -horizontal cells of cajal

Question 37

what does the plexiform layer contain

Answer 37

mostly dendrites and axons of cortical neurons

Question 38

what does the outer granular layer contain

Answer 38

large numbers of small pyramidal and stellate cells

Question 39

what is in the pyramidal cell layer

Answer 39

large cells located deep in layer, martinotti cells

Question 40

what is in the inner granular layer

Answer 40

densely packed stellate cells

Question 41

what is in the ganglionic layer

Answer 41

large pyramidal cells, stellate cells, and cells of martinotti

Question 42

what is in the multiform cell layer

Answer 42

small pyramidal cells, cells of martinotti, stellate cells and fusiform cells

Question 43

what is the function of the cerebellum

Answer 43

coordinates muscular activity, posture and equilibrium

Question 44

what are the folds of the cerebellum called

Answer 44

folia

Question 45

what are the layers of the outer cerebellar cortex

Answer 45

outer molecular layer and inner granular layer

Question 46

what does the outer molecular layer of the cerebeullum contain

Answer 46

few neurons and large numbers of unmyelinated axons

Question 47

what does the inner granular layer of the cerebellum contain

Answer 47

highly cellular, very basophilic, contains large number of neuroglial cells and small neurons called granule cells

Question 48

what are purkinje cells

Answer 48

specialized neurons that function in coordination and equilibrium. separates the molecular and granular layers in the cerebellum

Question 49

what is the ventral median fissure

Answer 49

a line that bisects the ventral side of the spinal cord

Question 50

what does the central canal contain and what is it lined with

Answer 50

contains CSF and is lined with ependymal cells

Question 51

what is the spatial relationship between the grey matter and white matter in the spinal cord

Answer 51

the grey matter is located centrally, and the white matter is located peripherally

Question 52

what does grey matter in the spinal cord contain

Answer 52

cell bodies and axons

Question 53

what connects the 2 dorsal horns and 2 ventral horns

Answer 53

a central commissure

Question 54

where is the central canal found

Answer 54

in the central commissure

Question 55

how does the PNS respond to injury

Answer 55

connective tissue scar and schwann cells form bridge between severed ends of nerve

Question 56

how does an axon regenerate in the PNS

Answer 56

if the gap is not too big: 1. schwann cells mutliply to physically bridge the gao 2. nerve axon sprouts neurites from proximal stump 3. neurites grow into distal stump; contact reestablishes function

Question 57

what is anterograde (wallerian) degeneration

Answer 57

loss of an axon

Question 58

what is retrograde degeneration

Answer 58

loss of a cell body

Question 59

what is chromatolysis

Answer 59

when a cell body is injured the neuron swells and becomes brightly eosinophilic and loses Nissl substance

Question 60

how does the CNS respond to injury

Answer 60

neuroglial cells multiply, scar tissue proliferation from glial cells prevents regeneration and physically blocks contact between cell body and axon

Question 61

what happens in ALS (neurons)

Answer 61

due to death of motor neurons controlling voluntary muscle movement

Question 62

what is meningitis

Answer 62

inflammation of the meninges,

Question 63

what is encephalitis

Answer 63

inflammation of the brain

Question 64

what is myelitis

Answer 64

inflammation of the spinal cord

Question 65

what is encephalomyelitis

Answer 65

inflammation of brain and cord

Question 66

what is meningoencephalitis

Answer 66

inflammation of the meninges and brain

Question 67

what happens in viral meningitis

Answer 67

transient lymphocytic infiltrate

Question 68

what happens in bacterial meningitis

Answer 68

neutrophilic infiltrate and may be life threatening

Question 69

what happens in polio

Answer 69

affects alpha motor neurons of ventral horn of spinal cord -lower motor neuron paralysis and subsequent muscular atrophy -eradicated

Question 70

what happens in parkinsons disease

Answer 70

neurodegenerative disease characterized by muscular tremor due to death of neurons in substantia nigra -decreased dopamine production in brain

Question 71

what happens in alzheimers disease

Answer 71

form of dementia characterized by neural plaques and fibrillary tangles within cortex

Question 72

what is MS and who does it affect

Answer 72

- an autoimmune, inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the CNS -antibodies destroy myelin sheaths around axons which leads to plaque formation -affects women 20-40 y/o

Question 73

what is guillain barre syndrom

Answer 73

immune-mediated demyelination in PNS - often initiated by infection ->progressive weakness in peripheral muscles