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Histology > Cytoskeleton and Cell Division > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton and Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the cytoskeleton

A
  • provide support for plasma membrane and organelles
  • intracellular movement/ transport of substances
  • cell locomotion
  • Mm contractions
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2
Q

what are the 3 main elements of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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3
Q

-what is the function of microfilaments

A

maintain cell shape and facilitates shape changes during movement

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4
Q

what are actin strands made of

A

G-actin subunits

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5
Q

what are protofilaments

A

when G-actin polymerizes

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6
Q

what makes up F-actin

A

2 protfilaments twisting together

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7
Q

what does filamin do

A

forms support meshwork under plasma membrane call cell cortex

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8
Q

what does the cell cortex do

A

prevents cell from deformaition

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9
Q

what are microfilaments made of

A

actin and myosin

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10
Q

what is required for movement of microfilaments with myosin

A

Ca and ATP

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11
Q

what cell types are intermediate filaments found in

A
  • (cyto)keratin
  • vimentin
  • desmin
  • neurofilament proteins
  • GFAP
  • lamin
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12
Q

where are keratin cells found

A

epithelial cells, forms tonofibrils

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13
Q

where is vimentin found

A

mesodermal cells of mesenchymal origin (endothelial cells, muscle, and neuroectodermal cells)

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14
Q

where is desmin found

A

unique to muscle cells, mesodermal origin

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15
Q

where are neurofilament proteins found

A

present in nerve cells

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16
Q

where are GFAP proteins found and what does it stand for

A
  • glial fibrillary acidic protein

- found in glial cells of nervous system

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17
Q

where is lamin found

A

forms layer of inside of nuclear membrane

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18
Q

what are microtubules made of

A

alpha and beta tubulin

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19
Q

what are the functions of microtubules

A
  • cell movement
  • maintenance of cell shape
  • intracellular transport of substances
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20
Q

how do microtubules move

A

via addition or subtraction of tubulin subunits from microtubules

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21
Q

what molecules attach microtubules to organelles

A

dynein and kynsein

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22
Q

how are microtubules stabilized

A

capping proteins

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23
Q

what inhibits microtubule polymerization and cell division

A

colchicine, vincristine and vinblastin

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24
Q

where are microtubules found

A
  • cilia and flagella
  • centrioles
  • basal bodies of cilia
  • mitotic spindles
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25
what are axoneme
9 pairs of microtubules containing dynein arms arranged in a circle with central doublet in the middle
26
how is the central doublet connected to peripheral doublet
radial spokes
27
how are peripheral doublets connected to each other
nexin
28
where are axonemes found
cilia and flagella
29
where are centrioles located
in the centrosome near the nucleus and functions in cell division
30
what is a diplosome
centrioles orient at right angles to make a "T" shape
31
what is a centriole made of
9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a cylinder
32
how do movement of chromosomes occur in cell division
addition and subtraction of tubulin subunits and attachment of proteins to chromatids at the kinetochore
33
what are the phases of mitosis
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
34
what is interphase and what are the parts in it
time between divisions, G1, S, G2
35
what occurs in G1
longest of cell phase, hypertrophy
36
what happens in the S phase of interphase
- replication of DNA prior to division - at beginning chromosome # is 2n at end it is 4n - following replication in S phase, each chromosome contains 2 chromatids connected by centromere - 2 diplosomes
37
what happens in G2
- preparation for mitosis | - synthesis of ATP and tubulin for mitotic spindle
38
what happens in the M phase of the cell cycle
mitosis - 2 daughter cells form - nucleus divides (karyokinesis) followed by cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)
39
what do chromosomes look like during the S and M phases
chromosomes condense, become visible, look like coiled snakes
40
what do chromosomes look like during G1 and G0
chromosomes exist in an unraveled mass
41
what are facultative dividers
cells that retain capacity for division with proper stimulus
42
what are terminally differentiated cells
cells that have lost the capacity to divide
43
what happens in prophase
chromosomes visibly condense - microfilaments and microtubules of cytoskeleton disaggregate - centrioles migrate to poles of cell, form spindle apparatus with interpolar microtubules between them
44
what happens in prometaphase/ late prophase
nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear at end of prophase | - mitotic spindle attached to chromosomes at kinetochore
45
what is the major distinction between prophase and prometaphase
the nuclear membrane does not exist in prometaphase
46
what happens during metaphase
chromosomes line up along the equator
47
what happens during anaphase
centromeres split apart, chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell - pulled by microtubules connecting centriole and kinetochore
48
what happens in telophase
- mitotic spindle disaggregates - nuclear envelope reassembles, nucleoli reappear, - plasma membrane forms either cleavage furrow (animal cell) or cytokinesis ( plants)
49
what is the mitotic index
a tool used to describe proportion of cells in a tissue in mitosis at any given time
50
what is a normal mitotic index
1 or less
51
what happens in meiosis
chromosomal duplication followed by two consecutive cell divisions
52
what are the phases of the first meiotic division
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
53
what does the first meiotic division result in
two daughter cells
54
how does meiosis differ from mitosis
- in prophase I, homologous pairs of chromosomes form tetrads, with exchange of chromatin via crossing over. it results in hybrid chromatids different from parents - centromeres do not split during anaphase I
55
when does crossing over occur
only in prophase I
56
what happens before the second meiotic division
brief interphase II with no replication of DNA
57
what happens in each phase of the second meiotic division
prophase II- no crossing over anaphase II- centromeres split telophase II- cytokinesis yields four haploid gametes
58
how many viable gametes does spermatogenesis produce
3 or 4
59
how many viable gametes does oogenesis create
1
60
what are the non-functional gametes in oogenesis called
polar bodies
61
when does spermatogenesis begin
at puberty
62
when does oogenesis begin
during fetal development
63
when do female germ cells enter prophase I
about 5th month of gestation during fetal development then they stop
64
what are the triggers for apoptosis
- programmed cell death - some cells have finite life spans - growth and regression of ovarian follices - destruction of virus or tumor cells - clonal deletion
65
what is clonal deletion
in thymus it is the removal of t-cells that react to self molecules
66
describe what happens in apoptosis
- begins with condensation of nuclear chromatin and shrinkage of nucleus - cell swells - lysosomes release catalytic enzymes into cytoplasm - autolysis - cell becomes bright pink - caspace cascade
67
what is pyknosis
shrinkage of nucleus
68
why does the cell swell in apoptosis
because the mitochondrial membrane is disrupted so it cannot produce ATP for the sodium potassium pump and sodium gets stuck inside the cell and water rushes in
69
why does the cytoplasm of the cell become pink in apoptosis
because the enzymes from lysosomes decrease the pH and denature proteins
70
how can you decipher a pyknotic nucleus
its very dark black from condensation of chromatin
71
what is the caspace cascade
enzymes that trigger the activation of the next to destroy the cell in apoptosis
72
what is karyolysis
chromatin in nucleus begins to degenerate
73
what is karyorhexis
nuclear material begins to fragment and nuclear membrane disintegrates
74
what are apoptotic bodies
fragmented nuclear debris

Histology (27 decks)

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