CNS Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
consists of the – brain and spinal cord
A
Central nervous system
2
Q
consists of the – neurons located outside the brain and spinal
cord; cranial and spinal nerves
A
Peripheral nervous system
3
Q
involuntary
A
Autonomic
4
Q
T/F: Brain and spinal cord are autonomic
A
True
5
Q
“fight or
flight”
A
Sympathetic
6
Q
T/F: autonomic nervous
system = somatic
A
True
7
Q
Somatic
A
Voluntary
8
Q
T/F: CNS also involves s several neurotransmitters e.g. GABA, glutamate, serotonin aside from norepinephrine and
acetylcholine
A
True
9
Q
T/F: In CNS, Manipulating a diseased pathway
also affects healthy pathway
A
true
10
Q
T/F: CNS drugs are NOTORIOUS for
causing side effects
A
true
11
Q
Chemical substances produced and released by a neuron
A
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
12
Q
Carry information from one neuron to another
A
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
13
Q
- Neurotransmission in the CNS utilizes __________ and _______ in addition to
the neurotransmitters Ach and NE
A
chemicals and peptides
14
Q
Major EXCITATORY neurotransmitter
A
Glutamate
15
Q
Memory, learning, and stress response
A
Glutamate
16
Q
Glutamate is derived from ____________ coupled by _________ channel
A
glucose; sodium (+)
17
Q
Major INHIBITORY neurotransmitter
A
GABA
18
Q
GABA is derived from ________; coupled by the
________channel
A
glutamate; chloride (-)
19
Q
Thought process
A
Serotonin/ 5-HT
20
Q
Mood, wakefulness, sleep
A
Serotonin/ 5-HT
21
Q
Feeding behavior
A
Serotonin/ 5-HT
22
Q
Serotonin/ 5-HT is derived rom
A
Tryptophan
23
Q
Serotonin/ 5-HT controls
A
sensory transmission
24
Q
Motor control (nigrostriatal pathway)
A
Dopamine
25
Behavioral effect (mesolimbic and
mesocortical pathway)
Dopamine
26
- Endocrine control (tuberohypophyseal
pathway)
Dopamine
27
Dopamine is usually inhibited by
antipsychotic drugs
28
Arousal and mood
Norepinephrine
29
Blood pressure regulation
Norepinephrine
30
Known for mimicking the sympathetic
activity
Norepinephrine
31
Norepinephrine is derived from
tyrosine
32
Norepinephrine is usually manipulated by
psychiatric drugs
33
Memory
Acetylcholine
34
Motor control
Acetylcholine
35
Binds to muscarinic receptor and
nicotinic recepto
Acetylcholine
36
Acetylcholine derived from
choline and acetyl-CoA
37
Wakefulness (central receptors)
Histamine
38
Catecholamines collective term for ___________, __________, ___________
serotonin, dopamine, and
norepinephrine
39
T/F: Taking antihistamines – causes drowsiness
true
40
T/F: CNS depressants inhibits CNS activity
True
41
slowing down of CNS is done by enhancing the
type of inhibitory neurotransmitter (GABA)
42
CNS depressant prototype
Alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
43
Alcohol can interfere with the __________ neurotransmitter
excitatory
44
Drinking alcohol results to __________ or stimulation initially
aggressiveness
45
During the normal state (no alcohol intake), there is an
____________ mechanism in the body → prim and proper
inhibitory
46
Early stage of drinking alcohol – it ___________
the inhibitory mechanism → aggressive
inhibits or depresses
47
At later stage, alcohol inhibits ___________ → down
mood
other systems
48
Primary Chemical Classes of CNS depressants
Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Opiates
49
Opiates have __________ activity
analgesic
50
Insomnia
given with benzodiazepines
51
Anxiety
given with benzodiazepines
52
Seizure prevention
given with barbiturates
53
Pain management
given with opioids
54
Effect of Depressants:
relaxation, calming down
55
T/F: are all depressants prescribed drugs
True
56
Two types of gen anesthesia
- Inhalational (Volatile)
-Intravenous (Non-volatile)
57
Isoflurane, sevoflurane, diethyl ether, nitrous oxide
Inhalational (Volatile)
58
this type of gen anesthesia is usually accompanied by anesthesia machine
Inhalational (Volatile)
59
Propofol, ketamine
example Intravenous (Non-volatile)
60
used as IV anesthesia; currently being
explored for possible use for treatment for depression
Ketamine
61
STAGES OF ANESTHESIA
Stage 1: Analgesia
Stage 2: Excitement
Stage 3: Surgical Anesthesia
Stage 4: Medullary Paralysis
62
Conscious but drowsy, no response to painful stimuli, amnesia in
later part
- Stage 1: Analgesia
63
Delirious (very excited, blurting out secrets), irregular respiration,
retching, vomiting, dangerous state
Stage 2: Excitement
64
After the effect of anesthesia, patients do not remember what they
blurted out
Stage 2: Excitement
65
Respiration is regular but shallow, no movement
Stage 3: Surgical Anesthesia
66
Patient is asleep, not aware of what is happening, and do not feel
pain
Stage 3: Surgical Anesthesia
67
T/F: attains the goal (surgical anesthesia) after the surgery and makes sure the patient does NOT go into stage
4 (medullary paralysis)
False: before the start of
68
Vasomotor and respiratory support ceases, death occurs in a few
minutes
Stage 4: Medullary Paralysis
69
- Induces the CNS activity
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS
70
Stimulants induces the _______
excitatory neurotransmitter (glutamate)
71
STimulants category
Category 1: Convulsants and Respiratory Stimulants
Category 2: Psychomotor Stimulants
Category 3: Psychomimetic Drugs
72
Doxapram, Nikethamide, Leptazol, Strychnine
Category 1: Convulsants and Respiratory Stimulants
73
causes convulsions; also commonly used in
rats
Strychnine
74
Amphetamine, Caffeine, Cocaine
- Category 2: Psychomotor Stimulants
75
common recreational drugs;
illegal in the PH
Amphetamine and cocaine
76
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), Phencyclidine, Cannabinoids
(THC)
Category 3: Psychomimetic Drugs
77
marijuana, mary jane (street name)
Cannabinoids
78
Methoxyflurane is a __________ anesthesia
inhalational anesthesia
79
Jar with wire mesh (elevated)
Drop jar
80
T/F: Drop jar is used to administer the inhalational anesthesia
Truee
81
formerly the mainstay of treatment to sedate
patients or to induce and maintain sleep
PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM
82
C11H17N2NaO3
PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM
83
Sedative, anxiolytic, hypnotic
PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM
84
PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM is largely replaced by ___________
benzodiazepines
85
T/F: Phenobarbital Na can induce
tolerance, drug metabolizing enzymes, and physical dependence
and are associated with a very severe withdrawal syndrome
true
86
Phento Na indication
: Anesthesia, insomnia, seizure disorders
87
Pheno Na is a _________ depressant CNS effect including
sedation, relief of anxiety, amnesia, hypnosis, anesthesia
Dose-dependent
88
Pheno Na is a _________ depressant CNS effect including
_________, _________, ________, __________, ________
sedation, relief of anxiety, amnesia, hypnosis, anesthesia
89
Pheno Na Binds to specific _________ receptor subunits at CNS neuronal synapses
_____________ duration of GABA-mediated _______ ion channel opening
GABA; increasing; chloride
90
- Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs
BARBITURATES
91
short acting barbiturates
Pentobarbital (parent compound)
Pentobarbital sodium (C11H17N2NaO3) –
Secobarbital
Amobarbital
92
ultra short-acting barbiturates
Thiopental
93
long-acting barbiturates
Phenobarbital
94
CONVULSANT AND RESPIRATORY STIMULANT
STRYCHNINE
95
STRYCHNINE is from the seeds of the
Indian tree (Strychnos nux-vomica)
96
t/f: Strychnine is poison from vermins
T
97
Strychnine : blocks __________inhibition at the receptor in the CNS &
spinal cord
postjunctional glycine
98
Causes violent extensor spasm (voluntary muscles)
STRYCHNINE
99
Strychnine effect
Risus sardonicus (aka lockjaw)
100
Facial expression characterized by raised eyebrows and grinning
distortion of the face resulting from spasm of facial muscle
Risus sardonicus (aka lockjaw)
101
treatment to strychnine
: Diazepam to prevent seizures
102
PSYCHOMIMETIC DRUGS
METHYLPHENIDATE
103
Anorectic, sympathomimetic actions
METHYLPHENIDATE
104
cause excitement and
euphoria, decrease feeling of fatigue, and increase motor activity
Psychomimetic/ psychostimulant drugs (METHYLPHENIDATE)
105
METHYLPHENIDATE indication
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - Ritalin
Adjunct therapy for obesity → anorexiant effect
106
Methylphenidate Moa: Indirect acting ___________ and __________ agonist; release
biogenic amine from storage vesicles
dopaminergic and noradrenergic
107
T/F: methylphenidate - Can be attenuated by dopamine antagonist
T
108
Overdose treatment for methylphenidate
● Acidify urine
● Give antipsychotics to treat VNS (vagus nerve stimulation)
symptoms
● Alpha-receptor blocker to lower BP
109
T/F: Methylphenidate's pharmacologic effect is similar to cocaine and amphetamine, but
methylphenidate is more addicting
false: methylphenidate is less addicting
