CNS

Question 1

functions of spinal cord

Answer 1

conduction of information between brain and PNS
-afferent and efferent
patterned locomotion
reflexes independent of brain processing

Question 2

spinal cord trauma

Answer 2

quadriplegia- damage above C5

paraplegia-damage from T1-L1

Question 3

cauda equina

Answer 3

spinal nerves @ inferior cord

Question 4

filum terminale

Answer 4

extensions of pia mater that anchors spinal cord to coccyx

Question 5

conus medullaris

Answer 5

end of the spinal cord at L2

Question 6

lumbar puncture

Answer 6

to obtain CSF
-contained in meningeal sac
-nerve roots move away from needle
gives info on blood count and protein/glucose conc.

Question 7

gray matter

Answer 7

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

Question 8

white matter

Answer 8

myelinated axons and neuroglia

Question 9

nucleus

Answer 9

group of neuron cell bodies in CNS

Question 10

tract

Answer 10

group of axons in CNS

Question 11

ganglion

Answer 11

group of neuron cell bodies in PNS

Question 12

nerve

Answer 12

group on axons in PNS

Question 13

central canal

Answer 13

contains CSF

Question 14

gray commissure

Answer 14

contains axons crossing from right to left/left to right

Question 15

horns

Answer 15

collections of cell bodies

• posterior: sensory
• lateral: sympathetic
• anterior: motor

Question 16

spinal nerves

Answer 16

dorsal sensory root, vental motor root

Question 17

columns

Answer 17

white matter

-posterior, lateral, anterior bundles of axons

Question 18

divisions of neural tube

Answer 18

by 5th week of development, there are 5 divisions

• telencephalon –> cerebrum
• diencephalon –> thalamus/hypothalamus
• mesencephalon –> midbrain
• metencephalon –> pons/cerebellum
• myelencephalon –> medulla oblongata

Question 19

medulla oblongata

Answer 19

autonomic nuclei: 3 reflex centers
-cardiac control center: heart rate
-vasomotor control center: blood vessel diameter
-respiratory rhythmicity center: respiratory rate
controls coughing sneezing swallowing and vomiting

Question 20

pyramids

Answer 20

where decussation occurs, neurons cross

in medulla oblongata

Question 21

pons

Answer 21

bridge between brain/spinal cord

-respiratory control centers work together with medulla obligate to control respiratory rate

Question 22

midbrain

Answer 22

corpora quadrigemina
superior colliculi: receive visual inputs/reflexes
inferior colliculi: receive auditory inputs/reflexes
cerebral peduncles: contain corticospinal tracts

Question 23

cerebellum

Answer 23

coordinates voluntary skeletal muscle impulses and eliminates undesired motor impulses
-proprioception centers: controls balance and posture

Question 24

thalamus

Answer 24

filters and sorts sensory information

relays motor impulses to spinal cord

Question 25

hypothalamus

Answer 25

``` monitoring unit of CNS maintains homeostasis by regulating: -autonomic function -hormone production -body temperature, sex drive, hunger & thirst, sleep cycle ```

Question 26

pineal gland

Answer 26

endocrine gland: secretes melatonin | -circadian rhythms: internal clocks and REM cycles

Question 27

cerebrum

Answer 27

``` acts contra-laterally Four lobes -frontal -parietal -temporal -occipital ```

Question 28

gyrus

Answer 28

folds of cerebral surface

Question 29

sulcus

Answer 29

shallow grooves between gyri

Question 30

fissure

Answer 30

deep grooves between gyri

Question 31

frontal lobe

Answer 31

contains: motor cortex broca's speech area precentral gyrus

Question 32

motor cortex

Answer 32

controls higher thought like planning, decision making, and personality

Question 33

broca's speech area

Answer 33

motor control of speech | -left hemisphere only

Question 34

pre-central gyrus

Answer 34

initiates voluntary motor commands, any damage is permanent

Question 35

parietal lobe

Answer 35

contains: sensory cortex wernicke's speech area post central gyrus

Question 36

sensory cortex

Answer 36

interprets sensory input | -texture, temp, shape

Question 37

Wernicke's speech area

Answer 37

comprehension and selection of words | -left hemisphere only

Question 38

post-central gyrus

Answer 38

receives general conscious sensory input

Question 39

occipital lobe

Answer 39

visual cortex: receives and interprets visual input

Question 40

temporal lobe

Answer 40

auditory cortex: receive and interprets auditory input

Question 41

limbic system

Answer 41

plays a role in emotions, pleasure/pain, learning and memory processing

Question 42

corpus callosum

Answer 42

myelinated axons for communication between left and right cerebral hemispheres

Question 43

left cerebral hemisphere

Answer 43

controls language, math, logic

Question 44

right cerebral hemisphere

Answer 44

controls visual-spatial skills, emotion, artistic

Question 45

meninges

Answer 45

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 46

dura mater

Answer 46

tough outer connective tissue - outer endosteal layer - inner meningeal layer

Question 47

arachnoid mater

Answer 47

fingerlike arachnoid villi protrude from subarachnoid space into dural sinuses- allows CSF to circulate back into venous arculation

Question 48

pia mater

Answer 48

attached to surface of brain and spinal cord | highly vascular due to brain's tissue demand for glucose and O2

Question 49

(spinal) dura mater

Answer 49

separated from vertebrae by the epidural space

Question 50

(spinal) arachnoid

Answer 50

CSF is found in the subarachnoid space and central canal

Question 51

(spinal) pia mater

Answer 51

denticulate ligaments connect pia and dura mater

Question 52

CSF

Answer 52

``` cerebrospinal fluid 3 functions: buoyancy protection circulation ```

Question 53

choroid plexus

Answer 53

composed of ependymal cells and capillaries | produces CSF

Question 54

spinal nerve

Answer 54

where ventral and dorsal roots fuse

Question 55

posterior ramus

Answer 55

smaller branch | sensory and motor axons to posterior body

Question 56

anterior ramus

Answer 56

larger branch | carries sensory and motor axons to anterior and lateral bodies

Question 57

exteroreceptors

Answer 57

located near body surface | -supply info about external environment

Question 58

interoreceptors

Answer 58

located within walls of organs | -monitors conditions inside the body

Question 59

proprioceptors

Answer 59

located in muscles and tendons | -monitors body position

Question 60

mechanoreceptors

Answer 60

detect mechanical changes | -pressure, stretch, touch, vibration

Question 61

thermoreceptors

Answer 61

detect change in temperature | -only hot OR cold

Question 62

chemoreceptors

Answer 62

detect the presence of chemical molecules

Question 63

photoreceptors

Answer 63

detect changes in light intensity

Question 64

nociceptors

Answer 64

detect tissue damage and pain

Question 65

parasympathetic nerves

Answer 65

origin: cranial/sacral long preganglionic neuron within or nearby effector organ non-branching

Question 66

sympathetic nerves

Answer 66

origin: thoracolumbar short preganglionic neuron located in sympathetic truck ganglion branching