CNS

Question 1

What is the job of the oligodendrocytes

Answer 1

Myelination

Question 2

What is the job of the microglial cells

Answer 2

Immune effector cells (CNS Macrophage)

Question 3

What cells help in the movement of CSF

Answer 3

Ependymal cells

Question 4

What disease is associated with loss of neuromelanin

Answer 4

Parkinsons

Question 5

What makes CSF

Answer 5

Choroid Plexus

Question 6

What is global cerebral ischemia

Answer 6

Brain dead after a heart attack

Question 7

Ischemic stroke

Answer 7

Classic stroke, one vessel affected

Question 8

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 8

Emboli vs thrombi multi-focal

Question 9

2 types of cerebrovascular hemorrhage

Answer 9

Intracerebral

Berry Aneurysm

Question 10

Which cerebral artery supplies 90% of blood to brain

Answer 10

MCA

Question 11

What are a few potential causes of a Global CI

Answer 11

Shock

Cardiac Arrest

Hypotensive Episode

Question 12

What does F.A.S.T. stand for

Answer 12

Face Arm Speech Time

Question 13

What color are the dying neurons in the histology of Ischemic stroke pictures?

Answer 13

Dense purple/red….pyknotic and dense

Question 14

What kind of infiltrate do you see in 24-48 hours

Answer 14

Neutrophil

Question 15

What kind of infiltrate occurs after 2days-2weeks

Answer 15

Macrophages

Question 16

What happens to the area of the infarct if the patient survives past three weeks

Answer 16

Cavitated lesion due to liquefactive necrosis

Question 17

Answer 17

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Question 18

Answer 18

Intraparanchymal Hemorrhage

Question 19

What does an intraparenchymal hemorrhage look like

Answer 19

Cerebral blood clot

Occurs in the deep grey or white matter

Question 20

What are the two causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

Answer 20

Trauma Berry Aneurysm

Question 21

What hemorrhage has a lucid period before passing out

Answer 21

Epidural Hemorrhage

Question 22

What ruptures before a subdural hemorrhage

Answer 22

Bridging veins

Question 23

Where does the berry aneurysm happen?

Answer 23

Base of skull

Question 24

What shape do you look for on a CT scan for a berry aneurysm?

Answer 24

Star pattern

Question 25

What are the two major issues with HTN

Answer 25

Arteriosclerosis Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms

Question 26

What is the term for an infarction caused by atherosclerotic occlusion?

Answer 26

Lacunar Infarct

Question 27

Insert Lacunar infarct picture

Answer 27

Lacunar Infarct

Question 28

What can cause a "blown pupil"

Answer 28

Oncular herniation

Question 29

What nutrient deficiency is linked to neural tube defects?

Answer 29

Folate

Question 30

What is anencephaly

Answer 30

absense of cranial vault no cerebral cortex, incompatible with life. Only brainstem

Question 31

Spina bifida occulta

Answer 31

asymptomatic some vertebrae aren't completely closed

Question 32

Meningocele

Answer 32

Protrusion of meninges (filled with CSF) Fixable

Question 33

Myelomengocele

Answer 33

Exposed spinal cord. Intrauterine surgery required to save as much function as possible

Question 34

Who is at risk for germinal matrix hemorrhage

Answer 34

Low birth weight and very early delivery. Less then 34 weeks

Question 35

Two intrauterine ischemic events

Answer 35

Periventricular leukomalacia (chalky white matter) Multicystic encephalopathy. Brain cysts and seizures

Question 36

Arnold Chiari Type I

Answer 36

Asymptomatic cerebellar malformation and easily fixable

Question 37

Arnold Chiari Type 2

Answer 37

Congenital Cerebellar malformation Small posterior fossa 4th Ventricular compression Hydrocephalus Lumbar Meningomyelocele

Question 38

Dandy Walker Malformation

Answer 38

Two hemispheres of the cerebellum are not connected. Kids usually don't live

Question 39

Bacterial CSF

Answer 39

High Neutrophils Low Glucose

Question 40

Viral

Answer 40

High Lymphocytes Normal Glucose

Question 41

Neonates Bacterial Meningitis

Answer 41

E coli Group B

Question 42

Infants

Answer 42

Strep. pneumo H. influenza (Vaccine)

Question 43

Young adults

Answer 43

Neisseria

Question 44

Elderly

Answer 44

Strep. pnuemo Listeria

Question 45

Answer 45

HSV

Question 46

Answer 46

Rabies Encephalitis Negri bodies Perkinji Cells

Question 47

Answer 47

Measles Encephalitis Subacute sclerosing panencephalitits (5-10 years after clearning virus)

Question 48

Answer 48

PML JC Virus Immunocompromised Demyelination (Blue to white on slide)

Question 49

Toxoplasmosis

Answer 49

Get it from cats

Question 50

Answer 50

Cryptococcus Abcess Fungal AIDS Patients

Question 51

What cromosome codes the CJD protein located on

Answer 51

20

Question 52

Are most CJD cases infective?

Answer 52

No genetic

Question 53

Clinical of CJD

Answer 53

Rapidly progressive dementia Spongiform and atrophy Amyloid plaques

Question 54

Which CJD is from eating bad beef

Answer 54

vCJD

Question 55

What are the 2 types of trauma to brain

Answer 55

Blunt force Sharp/Projectile

Question 56

What are determinants of blunt force trauma

Answer 56

Shape of object (flat v. angled) Amount of force applied Brain movement relative to head (linear rotation, acceleration/deceleration)

Question 57

Determinant of sharp/projectile

Answer 57

Projectile velocity is more important than size

Question 58

Contusion Skin

Answer 58

blood exiting dermal vessels, skin surface not broken Pattern injury

Question 59

Contusion Brain

Answer 59

Damage to surface of brain at crest of gyri, rarely you can get deep white matter bruises

Question 60

two types of cerebral contusion

Answer 60

Coup = at site of impact Contrecoup = secondary impact as brain sloshes to opposite of impact site. Usually larger than coup site

Question 61

Hemorrhagic infarct vs contusion?

Answer 61

Contusion affects surface, infarct does not

Question 62

Lacerations

Answer 62

tears to the skin from blunt force injury over a bony surface Skin bursts apart so it is not a clean cut like an incision Jagged edges and tissue bridging

Question 63

Diffuse blunt force trauma traumatic axonal injury

Answer 63

Force shears the axons Petechiae caused by capillaries also getting sheared

Question 64

Location of Traumatic axonal injuries (TAI)

Answer 64

Corpus callosum Dorsolateral Brain Stem Parasagittal cerebral white matter

Question 65

Answer 65

Traumatic Axonal Injury

Question 66

Answer 66

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 67

Arnold Chiari Type 2

Answer 67

Posterior Small Fossa Lumbar meningomylocele

Question 68

What disease occurs because the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are not connected?

Answer 68

Dandy Walker