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Neuroanatomy > CNS Cell Types > Flashcards

CNS Cell Types Flashcards

1
Q

Defects in the following neural systems results in which disorder?

  1. sensory defects
  2. motor defects
  3. associative defects
A
  1. sensory defects - neuropathies
  2. motor defects - movement disorders
  3. associative defects - cognitive decline
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2
Q

what are the two main CNS cell types?

A

neurons and glia

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3
Q

how many and what are the types of differentiated glia?

A

there are 3 types:

  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • astrocytes
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4
Q

name some other CNS cell types apart from neutrons and differentiated glia?

A
  • glial stem cells
  • oligodendrocytes precursors
  • ependymal cells
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5
Q

Neurons are exclusively formed during brain development

  1. True
  2. False
A

False, neurons are mainly formed during brain development but not exclusively

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6
Q

what is the prime role of neurons?

A

it is specialised for intercellular communication and electrical signalling via synapses

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7
Q

how do the neurons communicate via synapses?

A
  1. dendrites receive inputs (dendritic spines)
  2. transmit the signal to cell body (soma)
  3. action potentials propagate along axons from axons hillock
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8
Q

A real neuron is a tissue section

  1. True
  2. False
A

True

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9
Q

what are the two ways via which neurons communicate?

A
  1. chemical - majority

2. electrical - allow synchronized electrical activity- brainstem neurons, breathing- hypothalamus, hormone secretion

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10
Q

synapses are concentrated on dendritic spines

  1. True
  2. False
A

True

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11
Q

why is neural plasticity significant and its role in neural diseases?

A
  • it forms the basis of learning and memory
  • spine remodelling is linked to neural activity
  • it is highly relevant to diseases like AD, SZ
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12
Q

give an example to illustrate neuronal heterogeneity

A
  1. Upper motor neurons – large, excitatory, glutamatergic, long projections, pyramidal
  2. Striatal interneurons – small, spiny, inhibitory, GABAergic
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13
Q

what is arborisation of axons and dendrites?

A

a fine branching structure at the end of a nerve fibre

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14
Q

what are the features of oligodendrocytes and the significance of myelin sheath to OG?

A
  1. unique to vertebrates
  2. myelinating cells of CNS
  3. provides metabolic support for axons
  4. myelin insulated axon segments, bales rapid nerve conduction
  5. myelin sheath segments interrupted by nodes of Ranvier - saltatory conduction
  6. demyelinating diseases e.g. multiple sclerosis
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15
Q

what does oligodendrocytes look like in histology?

A

appear like fried egg

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16
Q
  1. how is myelin sheath formed?
  2. what is its composition?
  3. name few myelin specific proteins and its function?
A
  1. formed by wrapping of axons by oligodendrocytes processes (membranes)
  2. they are highly compact - 70% lipid and 30% protein
  3. myelin specific proteins - MAG,MOG, MBP, PLP, PMP22 - mainly involved in compaction, excellent markers
17
Q

what are the features of microglia?

A
  • resident of immune cells in CNS
  • derived from erythromyeloid progenitors that migrate into CNS up to ~P10 in rodents
  • resting state - highly ramified, motile processes, survey environment (2-3µm/min)
  • Upon activation (e.g. by ATP), retract processes, become “amoeboid” & motile
  • Proliferate at sites of injury - phagocytic
18
Q

what is the function of microglia?

A
  1. Immune surveillance
  2. Phagocytosis – debris/microbes
  3. Synaptic plasticity –pruning
  4. Process dynamics
19
Q

do normal microglia differ in appearance in cortex and white matter? if so, how?

A

yes, they are ramified in cortex and more bilaterally branded in the white matter

20
Q

what is the difference between good and bad microglia?

A

good microglia - ↓inflammation and ↑phagocytosis

bad microglia - ↑inflammation and ↓phagocytosis

21
Q

what are the features of astrocytes?

A
  1. “Star-like cells”
  2. Highly heterogeneous – not all star-shaped
  3. Most numerous glial cells in the CNS
  4. Common “marker” glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
22
Q

what are the two types of astrocytes?

A
  1. Fibrous – white matter, less elaborate, processes contacts as below & with nodes of Ranvier
  2. Protoplasmic – grey matter, extremely elaborate, processes contact blood vessels & pial surface
23
Q

what are the physical differences of fibrous astrocyte and protoplasmic astrocyte?

A

fibrous - long branches and less bifurcation (less elaborate)
protoplasmic - shorter branches but more ramified (extremely elaborate)

24
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes?

A
  1. Developmental – radial glia
  2. Structural - define brain micro-architecture
  3. Envelope synapses – “tripartite synapse”
  4. Homeostatic – buffer K+, glutamate, etc.
  5. Support neurons - Glutamate-Glutamine shuttle, lactate shuttle, etc.
  6. Neurovascular coupling (basis of fMRI)
  7. Disease relevance – gliosis/astrocytosis
25
Q

name three specialised astrocyte and where are they found?

A
  1. radial glia - cortex - neural stem/progenitor cells (like enoki mushrooms)
  2. bergmann glia - cerebellum (like ER or mitochondria with lots of processes in the sides)
  3. muller cells - retina (phospholipids of cell membrane)
26
Q

name three diseases which are disease of both neurone and glia?

A
  1. epilepsy
  2. multiple sclerosis
  3. motor neuron disease (ALS)
27
Q

what does the grey and white matter contain?

A
  • Grey matter contains neural cell bodies & processes – neuropil contains few cell bodies
  • White matter contains abundance of myelinated tracts & commissures
28
Q

complete the sentences for PNS

  1. Cell bodies & supporting cells located in _______
  2. Axons bundled into _______
  3. Many PNS axons are enveloped by _______
A
  1. ganglia
  2. nerves
  3. Schwann cells(myelinating cells of the PNS,different developmental origin)
29
Q

which are the myelinating cells in CNS and PNS?

A

CNS - oligodendrocytes

PNS = Schwann cells

30
Q

what is the BBB formed of?

A
  1. endothelial cells
  2. pericytes
  3. astrocytes
31
Q

what is the BBB sensitive to?

A
  • Sensitive to inflammation, hypertension, trauma, ischaemia

- Problem for drug delivery!

32
Q

what are the features of BBB?

A
  1. Endothelial tight junctions
  2. Astrocyte end feet
  3. Pericytes
  4. Continuous basement membrane, lacks fenestrations
  5. Need specific transporters for glucose, essential ions etc.
33
Q

which organs lacks normal BBB?

A

circumventricular organs

34
Q

what are the features of ependymal cells?

A
  1. Epithelial-like, line ventricles & central canal of spinal cord
  2. CSF production, flow & absorption
  3. Ciliated – facilitates flow
  4. Allow solute exchange between nervous tissue & CSF
35
Q

what are the features of choroid plexus?

A
  1. Frond-like projections in brain ventricles
  2. Formed from modified ependymal cells, villi form around network of capillaries, large surface area
  3. Main site CSF production by plasma filtration (secretes solutes to drive)
  4. Gap junctions between cells form effective blood-CSF barrier

Neuroanatomy (16 decks)

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