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Neuroanatomy > Skull, Vertebral Column and SC > Flashcards

Skull, Vertebral Column and SC Flashcards

1
Q

how many divisions are in the base of skull and what does it consists of?

A
  • three divisions: anterior, middle and posterior
  • anterior cranial fossa: frontal bone, ethmoid bone (cribriform plate + crista gali), sphenoid (lesser wing)
  • middle cranial fossa: optic canal, hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, foramen lacerum, middle cranial fossa, temporal bone
  • posterior cranial fossa: internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, foramen magnum, occipital bone
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2
Q

what passes through these structures?

  1. ethmoid bone
  2. SOF
  3. optic canal
  4. carotid foramen/foramen lacerum
  5. jugular foramen
  6. internal acoustic meatus
  7. foramen magnum
  8. foramen spinousum
A
  1. cribriform plate/ ethmoid bone: olfactory nerve, anterior ethmoidal artery and vein
  2. SOF - oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic nerve, abducens nerve, superior ophthalmic vein
  3. optic canal - optic nerve, ophthalmic artery
  4. carotid foramen/foramen lacerum: internal carotid artery, greater petrosal nerve
  5. jugular foramen: CN glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory nerve, internal jugular vein
  6. internal acoustic meatus - facial, vestibulocochlear nerve, labyrinth artery
  7. foramen magnum: vertebral arteries, anterior + posterior spinal arteries, SC
  8. foramen spinousum - meningeal artery
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3
Q

outline the following for raised intracranial pressure

  1. caused by:
  2. symptoms:
  3. signs:
A
  1. caused by: space occupying lesion (SOL- tumour, haematoma and abscess) + idiopathic intracranial hypertension
  2. symptoms: headache, nausea, visual disturbances and later altered consciousness levels
  3. signs: papilloedema and increased blind spot on visual field testing
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4
Q

Differentiate b/w the vertebral column segments and spinal cord nerve segments

A

Vertebral Column - 7C, 12T, 5L, 5S and 4C/more

Spinal Nerves - 8C, 12T, 5L, 5S and 1C

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5
Q

what does the vertebral canal consist of?

A
  1. the spinal cord + its coverings

2. the spinal nerves

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6
Q

the vertebral column shifts the body on the lower limb through which joints?

A

sacroiliac

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7
Q

what is vertebra prominent, which one is it and what are its characteristics?

A
  • the upper most spinous process that is palpable (visible) is called vertebra prominent
  • it is the 7th cervical vertebra
  • it has long and non-bifid spine
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8
Q

outline the curvature changes from pre-birth to post birth

A

pre-birth - the vertebral column is in C shape with concavity facing anteriorly
post-birth - after birth secondary curvature develops with convexity at cervical (when the child holds its head) and lumbar (when the legs start bearing weight)

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9
Q

what are the range of movements of the following (in degrees) in VC?

A

forward flexion - 40
extension - 15
lateral flexion - 30
rotation - 40

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10
Q

in which region of the VC is the rotation maximum and minimum?

A

maximum - thoracic

minimum - lumbar

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11
Q

why is the flexion and extension is limited in the thoracic despite having maximum rotation?

A

flexion and extension is limited in the thoracic despite the maximum rotation is due to the presence of the rib cage around it

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12
Q

what are intervertebral discs, what does it consists of and its role?

A
  • fibrocartilagenous structures
  • consists of 2 layers of hyaline cartilage (upper and lower), nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus
  • can withstand compressions but are flexible enough to allow movement t b/w the vertebrae
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13
Q

what are the two parts of intervertebral discs and what does it consists of?

A
  • nucleus pulpousus surrounded by annulus fibrosus
    1. nucleus pulpousus: hydrated gel of collagen, proteoglycan and cartilage cells
    2. annulus fibrosus: 10-12 concentric layers of collagen
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14
Q

where do the spinal nerves exit the spinal canal?

A

spinal nerves exit the spinal canal from interverbral foramina

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15
Q

what is herniation?

A

nucleus pulposus is absent in annulus fibrosus and it bulges into the SC or intervertebral foramen that further compresses the nerve roots

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16
Q

which cases can result in narrow the intervertebral foramen and what will that result into?

A
  1. herniation of intervertebral disc
  2. arthritis of facet joints
  3. bony irregularities in pedicle or vertebral body
    - all of these cases can narrow the intervertebral foramen and cause compression of nerve root
17
Q

in which region of the vertebral column does the herniation most commonly occur?

A

lumbar region

18
Q

what is radiculopathy and where is it commonly found (which region of VC)?

A
  • it is the compression of nerve roots, most commonly due to prolapsed intervertebral disc
  • mostly, L5/S1 in lumbar region or C6/7 in the neck
19
Q

what normally causes a prolapse of disc?

A

herniation of nucleus pulpousus + defect in annulus fibrosus, together compressing the nerve root and cauda equina present in it

20
Q

what is sciatica? what’s its symptoms and signs?

A
  • it is the compression or irritation of sciatic nerve (L5)
  • symptoms: 1. pain radiating down the buttock, into the leg down to cals and 2. abnormal gait - weakness on dorsiflexion causes foot drop
21
Q

what is epidural space?

A

the space b/w vertebrae and dura matter of spinal cord

22
Q

what does epidural consists of and what are its characteristics?

A
  1. small arteries - supplied blood SC and vertebral venous plexous
  2. Batson’s veins - contain no valves and communicate freely with intercostal veins and pelvic veins including veins draining the prostrate
23
Q
  1. what is caudal equina syndrome?
  2. what are its signs and symptoms?
  3. what is it commonly caused by?
  4. what are the consequences and treatment?
A
  1. compression of nerve roots below the spinal cord termination (L1-S5)
  2. signs and symptoms: low back pain, sciatica, bladder dysfunction, faecal incontinence, decreased anal tone, sexual dysfunction, variable lower extremity motor and sensory loss, perineal parasthesia
  3. caused by: disc prolapse at L4/5 or L5/S1 level
  4. treatment: needs urgent investigation or loss of function will be permanent, neurological emergency
24
Q

where does the SC end with respect to VC?

A

ends at the in serval of first and second lumbar

25
Q

what is the function dorsal root in spinal nerves?

A

it carries sensory fibres and has DRG which houses cells of dorsal root fibres

26
Q

how do the spinal nerves convert into anterior and posterior rami?

A

anterior + posterior roots converge at intervertebral foramen to form spinal nerve which then emerge from the foramen and divide to anterior and posterior rami (each containing motor and sensory fibres)

27
Q

the length of nerve roots increases progressively from above downwards
True or False

A

True

28
Q

in which layers of meninges is CSF found?

A

between the archnoid and pia matter

29
Q

where does the SC in VC?

A

the SC ends in the interval b/w L1/2 of VC

30
Q

how can metastases from tumours of breast and prostrate to the vertebra?

A

the metastases spreads from tumour of breast and prostate to the vertebra via vertebral venous plexous which are connected to the veins draining these organs

31
Q

how is the lumbar puncture carried out?

A

needle inserted into the subdural space L3-L4 interspace (this is in the intercristal plane, b/w the highest point of iliac crests on both sides)

32
Q

list out 5 cases in which lumbar puncture is used

A
  1. Idiopathic intracranial pressure diagnosis - measure opening pressure; treatment - CSF drained to decrease pressure
  2. MS diagnosis - oligoclonal bands
  3. cytology - detect malignant infiltration
  4. infectious meningitis and encephalitis diagnosis
  5. subarachnoid haemorrhage
33
Q

what are the main features of a vertebra

A
  1. body
  2. traverses process (lateral projection)
  3. spinous process (medial projection)
  4. lamina (join b/w transverse and spinous process)
  5. articular process (superior and inferior)
  6. pedicle (join b/w body and transverse process)
34
Q

how to differentiate b/w the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebra based on their body, spinous process, transverse process

A 
body 
C - small 
T - medium, heart shaped 
L - wider 
spinous process 
C - tiny bifid 
T - long, tilted 
L - flatter 
transverse process 
C - small 
T - articulated 
L -
35
Q

what are the movements exhibited by the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebra

A

C - most movements
T - rotation maximum, protects the heart hence flexion + extension limited due to ribcage
L - rotation - limited

Neuroanatomy (16 decks)

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