CNS, ENDOCRINE Flashcards
(38 cards)
What are the 3 functions of the Central Nervous System?
- to MONITOR internal & external environmental change
- to INTERPRET the changes regarding optimal balance
- to RESPOND by muscular action/hormonal secretion
What are the 2 parts does the Central Nervous System consist of?
Brain
Spinal cord
The body had 2 internal systems (Nervous System & Endocrine System) which share the same aim.
How do they differ?
Communicate differently
What is does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consist of?
2
It consists of:
- all the nerves carrying sensory information from receptors in the body to the CNS
- motor nerves that carry information from the CNS to the organs/musculature
List the split of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
2/4
Somatic & Autonomic
Then Autonomic splits into:
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
As the FIRST split of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), what are the roles of the somatic and autonomic branches?
- type of action
- why
Somatic:
- voluntary movement
- used to respond to external stimuli (eg/movement of limb in response to painful touch)
Autonomic:
- involuntary & subconscious actions
- to ensure we sustain life (eg/sweat glands opening when too hot)
-
As the SECOND split of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), what are the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches?
3 each
Sympathetic:
- responds to stress by initiating fight/flight response
- increases HR
- accelerator
Parasympathetic:
- initiate “rest & digest”
- decreases HR
- Decelerator
To enable communication to take place, the nervous system relies on what 3 nerves to convey information from the CNS to the muscles?
2 for each
Afferent Nerves (SENSORY)
- sends info from organs to CNS
- aka receptor, it monitors changes & transmits these changes along a nerve to interneurons
Interneurons (CONTROL)
- distributes info received from sensory neurons & co ordination of motor activity
- most located in brain and spinal cord
Efferent Nerves (MOTOR)
- from the control centre, signal is transmitted along these nerves to carry out an action (aka effectors)
- eg/movement of limb to change in body to maintain homeostasis
How is the Endocrine System activated?
What does the endocrine system do?
3 total
Is activated by information received from the Nervous System
Results in activation of an endocrine gland to secrete a hormone to then bring about desired change in body to maintain homeostasis
Actions of the endocrine system in facilitating change are slower than that of Nervous System
List the 3 major glands associated with the Endocrine System
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Pancreas gland
Explain where the Pituitary Gland is found in the body and its role in the Endocrine System
Base of brain (receives messages from brain at constant rate)
- mainly produces tropic hormones which stimulate other endocrine glands, causing them to release their hormones
- releases growth hormone responsible for tissue growth, breakdown of lipids, increased blood glucose levels & increased synthesis of glycogen (4)
AKA PRODUCES AND RELEASES
Explain where the Thyroid Gland is found in the body and its role in the Endocrine System
Neck region
- secretes hormones which control metabolism
- controls how quickly body burns energy, makes proteins & how sensitive the body should be to other hormones
Produces thyroxin & calcitonin which plays a role in homeostasis
AKA CONTROLS & PRODUCES
Explain where the Pancreas Gland is found in the body and its role in the Endocrine System
Pancreas
- secretes hormones to control blood glucose levels
- releases insulin & glycogen to assist with maintaining blood glucose balance to minimise the onset of clinal conditions eg/ diabetes mellitus & hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar)
Muscles need energy to contract.
What is the ONLY form of energy muscles can use?
What is this structure?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
1 x adenosine molecule
3 x phosphate atoms
- attached through a high energy bond
Explain the INITIAL reaction that takes place within ATP
Causes 1 of the phosphate groups to break off & release the energy stored within the bond, resulting in 1 x spare phosphate and Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
ADP can’t be used for energy production
After the initial reaction takes place within ATP, and ADP is left along with a spare phosphate, how does it resynthesise?
Metabolise the energy substrates from food which reattaches the separated phosphate atom
However, fats can only be utilised in the presence of oxygen
List the 3 energy systems
Creatine Phosphate (CP)
Anaerobic Glycolytic (lactic acid)
Aerobic System
As 1/3 energy systems, explain the Creatine Phosphate system
Is a compound stored in the muscles
Energy system that can be utilised for approx 7-10secs, takes 4-6mins to completely recover CP stores to utilise again
There’s a high energy bond between the creatine & phosphate can be broken by creatine kinase (resynthesised to ADP to form ATP & be used)
CP can be synthesised with oxygen but isn’t necessary, so is anaerobic energy
Used in fast explosive activity but is quickly depleted (eg/all out sprint)
As 1/3 energy systems, explain the Anaerobic Glycolytic (lactic acid) system
During initial stages of exercise/high intensities, insufficient oxygen is available to muscles to allow them to produce energy needs aerobically so glucose (from carbs) becomes only macronutrient to be utilised
Lasts for 1-2 mins of high intensity exercise
Anaerobic so has by product of lactic acid (deposits in muscles & inhibits binding sites of actin & myosin, which reduces ability of muscle to contract fully)
- lactate threshold=point oxygen supply can’t meet needs of muscles
As 1/3 energy systems, explain the Aerobic system
Oxygen becomes present in large enough amounts glucose can be broken down completely
At 3 minutes +
By products=co2, water, heat (breathing&sweating)
Now able to use fats where triglycerides are the only chemicals that can be used as major energy sources
- once broken down into basic form of 1 x glycerol & 3 x free fatty acids (FFA) which can be pushed into bloodstream, transported round body & diffused onto muscle fibres
When fully broken down FFAs go on to produce ATP in presence of o2 in much greater number than that of glycosis
Allows us to produce ATP for longer period
List the following details about the each of the 3 energy systems
- contribution time
- activity duration
- intensity
- predominant fuel used
Creatine Phosphate (CP)
- 7-10 seconds
- short
- high
- creatine phosphate
Anaerobic Glycolytic (lactic acid)
- 1-2 minutes
- short to moderate
- high to moderate
- glucose (carbs)
Aerobic System
- 3 minutes+
- long
- moderate to low
- fat
Define posture
The relative alignment of various body segments with one another
It’s the position of the body at rest & during motion (static & dynamic)
Posture is the relative alignment of various body segments with one another and the position of the body at rest & during motion (static & dynamic)
What are the 3 types of posture?
Kyphosis
- excessive thoracic curve = hunchback
Lordosis
- excessive curve in lumbar = bum out
Scoliosis
- spines twisted laterally
As 1/3 types of posture, explain kyphosis
- what it looks like
- who gets it
- how to correct/improve
- excessive thoracic curve = hunchback
- eg/office workers, extended periods at computers with poor posture
- corrected by improving strength & flexibility in upper body muscles
