Muscles Flashcards by 10X4

What are the 3 different types of muscles and where are they found?

How are they similar?

Cardiac muscle (heart)

Smooth muscle (surrounds all tubes in body)

Skeletal muscle (movement of skeleton)

Contains actin & myosin contractile filaments

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiac muscle is found in the heart.

Describe its 3 characteristics

Striated appearance due to arrangement of actin & myosin filaments

Involuntary muscles (no nervous input required to make it contract, they’re intrinsically activated & shoe self excitation)

Contracts on all/nothing basis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Smooth muscle is found surrounding all the tubes in the body.

Describe its characteristics (2 & including examples)

Eg/digestive system, blood vessels, reproductive, respiratory, urinary tracts

Involuntary muscle

No striations but arranged to run along, across & obliquely across length of tubes
- as result contraction can cause constriction & dilation when muscle relaxes (involuntary by autonomic nervous system)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Skeletal muscle is found in the skeleton.

Describe its 3 characteristics (excluding ARRANGEMENT)

Voluntary & involuntary (postural muscles adjust skeletal alignment are continuously recruited)

Striated & regularly arranged so fibres contract & shorten along their length, pull on tendons that connect them to bones & produce movement across joints

Number of muscle fibres = virtually fixed at birth but develop in size & strength throughout life

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Skeletal muscle is found in the skeleton.

Describe what it’s made up of/wrapped in

Muscle = organ made up of cells/muscle fibres/myofibres which are packed together & protected by fascia (connective tissue membranes)

Each cell surrounded by endomysium wrapping & bundled together into fascilles, then wrapped in perimysium sheath, several together then enveloped by epimysium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What 3 things are essential for a muscle to contract?

Store of ATP in sacromere to provide energy

Supply of calcium in sacroplasmic reticulum of muscle fibre

Stimulation from motor neuron to initiate contraction process of specific motor units

To delay fatigue, they contract at different times & are responsible for specific amount of muscle fibres

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In relation to muscle contraction what happens inside a relaxed muscle?

Actin & myosin lie alongside each other without interacting, ATP may be present in cell but not used to produce contraction until release of calcium occurs from sacroplasmic reticulum surrounding the muscle cell

Calcium ions=released & react with protein strands wound in actin, moving them to make binding sites on actin molecules available for attachment

Myosin filaments now attach to actin binding sites (this process requires ATP molecules which enable myosin to attach to actin & pull towards centre of sarcomere by pivoting at their base)

Process repeats until stimulation ceases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 2 muscle fibre types and how do they resynthesise?

Type 1 (slow twitch)
- resynthesise ATP aerobically

Type 2 (fast twitch)
2A - resynthesise ATP aerobically & anaerobically (aka fast oxidative glycolytic aka FOG fibres)
2B - generated ATP anaerobically by breaking down glucose to release energy & resynthesise ATP (fast glycolytic aka FG fibres)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Type 1 muscle fibres are slow twitch fibres that resynthesise ATP aerobically.

Outline their 6 characteristics

Contract smoothly & gradually, generating moderate amount of tension

Good supply of capillaries bringing oxygenated blood

Contain large myoglobin stores

Mitochondria act as aerobic power stations within cells which can be increased in number & size by endurance training allowing fibres to contract for longer without fatigue

Contraction will use fat directly during endurance training

Production of ATP aerobically generates water & co2 as metabolic byproducts which are easily removed from muscle cell (bc of this & slow rate of contraction, they’re resistant to fatigue)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Type 2 muscle fibres are fast twitch and there’s type A & B.

Outline some characteristics of Type A

Considered intermediate fibre type as they share properties of type 1 & type 2b fibres

These fibres produce greater force than type 1 but less than 2B

Contraction speed=quicker than type 1, slower than 2b

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Type 2 muscle fibres are fast twitch and there’s type A & B.

Outline the general characteristics of Type 2 fibres

When stimulated, reach max force of contraction very rapidly (pathway for generating ATP=much quicker in fast twitch than slow twitch as they don’t rely on oxygen supply)

Don’t have mitochondria as they dong rely on aerobic energy system (these lower numbers in cells allow for more room for contractile proteins actin & myosin)

Don’t store myoglobin as require little oxygen to be transported into cells

Type 2 generate ATP by anaerobic glycolysis which can only use glucose as fuel source

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 muscles in the quadriceps?

Include origins, insertions and actions

R M I L (V)

Rectus femorus
O - pelvis
I - tibia
A - flexion of hip & extension of knee

Vastus Medialis, Intermedius, Lateralis
O - femur
I - tibia
A - extension of knee

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 3 muscles in the hamstrings?

Include origins, insertions and actions

B M T (S)

Biceps femorus
O - pelvis
I - tibia & fibula
A - extension of hip & flexion of knee

Semimembranous & semitendonosus
O - pelvis
I - tibia
A - extension of hip & flexion of knee

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 muscles in the hip flexors?

ILLIACUS

PSOAS MAJOR

TENSOR FASCIA LATAE

SARTORIUS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 3 parts of your adductors?

ADDUCTOR BREVIS
O - pelvis
I - femur
A - adduction & medial rotation of hip

ADDUCTOR LONGUS
O - pelvis
I - femur
A - adduction, flexion, medial rotation of hip

ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
O - pelvis & femur
I - femur
A - adduction, extension & medial rotation of hip

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 3 muscles in the glutes?

GLUTEUS MAXIMUS

GLUTEUS MEDIUS

GLUTEUS MINIMUS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 3 muscles below the knee?
Aka calf

TIBIALIS ANTERIOR

SOLEUS

GASTROCNEMIUS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 muscles that make your trunk?

E M Q R

ERECTOR SPINAE

MULTIFIDUS

QUADRATUS LUMBORUM

RHOMBOIDS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 major muscles in the abdominals?

T I E R

TRANSVERSE ABDOMINALS

INTERNAL OBLIQUES

EXTERNAL OBLIQUES

RECTUS ABDOMINAL

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 major muscles of the arm?

B B B T

BRACHIALIS

BICEPS BRACHII (2 heads)

BRACHIORADIALIS

TRICEPS BRACHII (3 heads)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Illiacus is a hip flexor. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: pelvis

Insertion: femur

Action: Flexion of hip.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Psoas major is a hip flexor. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: vertebrae

Insertion: femur

Action: Flexion of hip and flexion of vertebral column

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gluteus maximus is a gluteal. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: SPINE, SACRUM, COCCYX & PELVIS

Insertion: FEMUR

Action: Extends and laterally rotates hip. Assists in adduction.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gluteus medius is a gluteal. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: PELVIS Insertion: FEMUR Action: Abduction, lateral and medial rotation of the hip

Gluteus minimus is a gluteal. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: PELVIS Insertion: FEMUR Action: Abduction and medial rotation of the hip.

What is the origin, insertion and action of the Tensor Fascia Latae?

Origin: PELVIS Insertion: TIBIA Action: Abduction, assists flexion and medial rotation

What is the origin, insertion and action of the Sartorius?

Origin: Pelvis Insertion: TIBIA Action: Flexion, abduction and lateral rotation.

Adductor Brevis is an adductor. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: PELVIS Insertion: FEMUR Action: Adduction and medial rotation of hip.

Adductor Longus is an adductor. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: PELVIS Insertion: FEMUR Action: Adduction, flexion and medial rotation of hip.

Adductor Magnus is an adductor. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: PELVIS & FEMUR Insertion: FEMUR Action: Adduction extension and medial rotation of hip

Tibialis Anterior is part of the calf. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: TIBIA Insertion: TARSALS Action: Dorsal Flexion of the ankle and inversion

Soleus is part of the calf. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: TIBIA & FIBULA Insertion: CALCANEUS Action: Plantar flexion of ankle joint.

Gastrocnemius is part of the calf. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: FEMUR Insertion: CALCANEUS Action: Plantar Flexion of ankle, flexion of knee

Erector Spinae is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: Sacrum, pelvis, vertebrae Insertion: vertebra, ribs, base of skull Action: Extension of the spine and head, lateral flexion of the spine

Multifidus is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: VERTEBRAE Insertion: VERTEBRAE Action: Extension and rotation of the spine

Quadratus Lumborum is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: PELVIS Insertion: 12th RIB, VERTEBRAE Action: Lateral flexion

Rhomboids is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: VERTEBRAE Insertion: SCAPULA Action: Stabilizes shoulder, retraction of shoulder girdle and downwards rotation of scapula

Transverse Abdominus is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: RIBS, PELVIS & FASCIA Insertion: LINEA ALBA & PELVIS Action: compression of abdomen

Internal Obliques is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: PELVIS & FASCIA Insertion: RIBS, PELVIS & LINE ALBA Action: Compression of the abdomen, lateral flexion, rotation and flexion of the spine

Internal Obliques is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: PELVIS & FASCIA Insertion: RIBS, PELVIS & LINE ALBA Action: Compression of the abdomen, lateral flexion, rotation and flexion of the spine

External Obliques is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: RIBS Insertion: PELVIS & LINEA ALBA Action: Compression of the abdomen, lateral flexion & rotation

Rectus Abdominal is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: PELVIS Insertion: STERNUM and RIBS Action: Compression of the abdomen, flexion of spine

Explain the skeletal muscle (Made up of - not structure)

All muscle well supplied with blood vessels carrying nutrients & oxygen & nerve fibres that convey stimulus for contraction Muscle cell structure=packed with filament of 2 diff proteins (actin-thin filament & myosin-thicker - myosin heads make contact with & pull on actin filament during muscle contraction aka sliding fi

When are type 2 fibres recruited?

Activated at high work rates so cause fatigue quickly But if intensity’s reduced, lactic acid can be broken down by aerobic energy systems in type 1 fibres & ATP production resumes

What happens towards the end of skeletal muscle?

Collagen fibres become more regularly aligned & denser to form muscle tendon which then fuses with periosteum of bone

Latissimus dorsi is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: VERTEBRAE Insertion: Humerus Action: Extension, adduction, medial rotation of arm

Trapezius is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: Vertebrae, base of skull Insertion: SCAPULA & CLAVICLE Action: Lower traps depression, Mid traps retraction, Upper traps elevation of scapula

Levator Scapulae is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: VERTEBRAE Insertion: SCAPULA Action: Elevation, lateral neck flexion

Deltoid is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: CLAVICLE and SCAPULA Insertion: HUMERUS Action: Mid fibres – abduction Anterior fibres – flexion and medial rotation Posterior fibres – extension and lateral rotation

Rotator cuff is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: Scapula Insertion: Humerus Action: Shoulder stabilization, medial/lateral rotation and abduction

Teres Major is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: SCAPULA Insertion: HUMERUS Action: Medial rotation, Adduction & extension of shoulder

Teres Minor is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: SCAPULA Insertion: HUMERUS Action: Adduction and lateral rotation of shoulder

What are the 7 muscles in the back?

Latissimus dorsi Trapezius Levator Scapulae Deltoid Rotator Cuff Teres Major Teres Minor L L D R T T T

What are the 3 muscle in the chest?

Pectoralis Major Pectoralis Minor Serratus Anterior

Pectoralis Minor is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: RIBS Insertion: SCAPULA Action: protraction of scapula, aids breathing

Pectoralis Major is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: STERNUM, CLAVICLE, RIBS Insertion: HUMERUS Action: horizontal flexion, adduction and medial rotation

Serratus Anterior is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: RIBS Insertion: SCAPULA Action: Protraction of shoulder girdle upwards rotation of scapula

Brachialis is part of the arm. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: HUMERUS Insertion: SUPERIOR ULNA Action: Flexion of elbow

Biceps brachii (2 heads) is part of the arm. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: SCAPULA Insertion: RADIUS Action: Flexes elbow, supinates forearm

Brachioradialis is part of the arm. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: HUMERUS Insertion: RADIUS Action: Elbow flexion

Triceps brachii (3 heads) is part of the arm. What is the origin, insertion and action?

Origin: SCAPULA and HUMERUS Insertion: ULNA Action: Extension of elbow

Muscles Flashcards

(62 cards)