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Ex phys Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancellous bone? Give an example of one

A

Spongey bone tissue/part of bone with honeycomb appearance

Found at the ends of long bones where they flare to form joint (as well as pelvis, skull and vertebrae)

Provides structural support and flexibility without the weight of compact bone (lies alongside and underneath, matrix of strength and min. weight so bones can take stress but easily moved)

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2
Q

Identify the bone classification:

Small & compact in nature (often equal in length & width), consists of cancellous bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone

A

Short

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3
Q

Identify the bone classification:

Consists of 2 outer layers of compact bone with cancellous bone between them

Offers protection to internal organs of body

Allow suitable sites for muscle attachment

A

Flat

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4
Q

What are the 2 stages of bone growth? Include examples of bone classifications for each

A

Intramembraneous
(bone develops from connective tissue/in membranes eg/flat-skull)

Endochondral
(bone develops by replacing cartilage eg/short&long-femur)

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5
Q

Which type of synovial joint consists of 2 convex an concave surfaces fitting together?

A

Hinge

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6
Q

A condyloid is a modified what?

A

Ball and socket

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7
Q

How many valves in heart?

A

Ateriol valve

Pulmonic valve

Tricuspid

Bicuspid

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8
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle

(2)

A

2 phases of heartbeat

Contraction phase known as systole

Relaxation phase known as diastole

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9
Q

Complete the sentence relating to blood pressure

The lower number refers to the….pressure (diastole) where heart is at rest and ventricles are….prior to next….and arteries are at rest

A

Resting
Refilling
Contraction

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10
Q

High blood pressure is when systole and diastole exceed what?

A

140/90

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11
Q

Name and explain 2 types of hypERtension

A

Primary hypertension
Persisitent high pressure with no identifiable cause

Secondary hypertension
Can be attributed to several identifiable causes such as obstruction of blood flow

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12
Q

What is considered low blood pressure?

A

90/60

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13
Q

Coronary circualtory system transports blood between which 2 areas?

A

Heart

Myocardium

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14
Q

What are the purposes of coronary arteries and veins?

A

Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to heart muscle

Cardiac veins drain away blood once it has been deoxygenated

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15
Q

Semi lunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) are loacted between which 2 elemnts of heart?

A

Between both ventricles and the aorta and pulmonary artery

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16
Q

Name 5 different types of blood vessels

A

Veins

Venuoles

Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

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17
Q

Apart from arteries which 2 other blood vessels contains 3 tunicae?

A

Arterioles

Veins

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18
Q

In which blood vessel does blood start its journey back to heart with waste products?

A

Venules

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19
Q

Name 3 characteristics of veins

A

Low blood pressure

Have valves

3 layers on tunica

Lack elastic properties

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20
Q

Describe gaseous exchange

6

A
  • delivery of oxygen from lungs to bloodstream
  • elimination of carbon dioxide from bloodstream to lungs
  • occurs in lungs in walls of alevoli & network of capillaries
  • alveoli share membrane with capillaries where oxygen & carbon dioxide move freely between respiratory system & bloodstream
  • oxygen molecules attach to red blood cells which travel back to heart
  • carbon dioxide molecules in alveoli are blown out body in next exhalation
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21
Q

Describe 2 muscular/physcial actions that occur during exhalation

A

Diaphragm returns to dome shape&intercostals relax = thoracic cavity reduces

Lung volume increases = pressure is greater than atospheric so air rushes out

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22
Q

What 2 additional muscles are recruited to assist exhalation when undertaking vigorous exercise ?

A

Abdominals
Internal intercostals

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23
Q

What is the vasalva effect and how many phases are there?

How does it affect the circulatory system? 3

A

Forced expiration against closed airway (bracing)

4

-changes blood pressure
-reduces venous return
-reduces cardiac output

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24
Q

What is coronary heart disease and what are 3 factors that increase the risk?

A

Disease involving narrowing of coronary arteries

Age, smoking, obesity, stress, high blood pressure and cholesterol

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25
What are the 4 sections of the stomach? Why are there 2 valves?
Body, fundus, pylorus, cardia Keep contents contained
26
List and describe 3 functions of the stomach
Mechanical breakdown churning & contracting of stomach Chemical breakdown gastric acid & other enzymes turn food into chime Absorption of ions, water, lipids (eg/alcohol, caffeine)
27
Describe the location 3 of the liver and 3 physical terms
Mainly right side of abdomen Just below diaphragm extneding from one side to other Above stomach Largest gland in body Weighs approx 2kg Ligament divdes R&L
28
What is the function of the kidneys? 3
- Bodys filtering system (removes waste product from blood eg/urea, water) - Reabsorbs water, glucose and amino acids - Homeostasis (regulate PH, blood pressure and electrolytes)
29
How do kidneys assist homeostasis? 3
Give acid base balance Electrolyte regulation Blood pressure regulation
30
Where is the stomach located? 4 How many sections are there? How many layers of smooth muscle are there and what are they?
Upper left abdomen Between oesophagus & deodenum Anterior (in front of) pancreas Below diaphragm 4 (cardia, fundus, body, pylorus - ordered) 3 (ordered) -longitudinal = outer -circular = middle - oblique = inner
31
Where are the intestines located?
Base of stomach Extends to anus Sits in abdominal activity
32
What 3 parts does the small intestine divide into? DJI What is the function of the small intestine?
Duodenum Jejenum Ileum Majority of digestion & absorption occurs Empties into large intestine
33
What 3 parts does the large intestine divide into? CCA What is the function of the large intestine?
Cecum Colon Anus Absorbs little except water, some minerals and vitamins
34
Describe 5 functions of the liver
Regulates metabolic functions Purifies blood (excretes toxins and waste) Site for vitamin storage Creates proteins for blood plasma Controls blood sugar level
35
Describe the structure (3) and location (2) of the kidneys
- Bean shape - Next to main artery & vein - Ureters link kidneys to bladder - On either side of spine, located in posterior (behind) lower abdomen - In line with 12th rib
36
What 2 parts is blood made up of? What do they each contain?
Blood plasma -makes up 55% of blood -is 91.5% water, 8.5% solutes Formed elements -make up 45% of blood -white blood cells (fight infection&foreign material, make up 1% blood, high levels indiciate infection) - red blood cells (most common, rich in haemoglobin which binds to oxygen and gives red colour) - platelets (form clots&release growth factor responsible for regeneration of connective tissue)
37
What are the 3 functions of blood?
TRANSPORTATION Oxyegn & carbon dioxide from lungs to cells Nutrients from GI to cells Hormones from endocrine glands REGULATION Homeostasis Water Body temp (help maintain core) - (vasocontrcition, vasodilation) PROTECTION Fight infection & aid immunity
38
In relation to blood functions, what is vasoconstriction and vasodilation in relation to regulation of body temperature?
Vasodilation (widen when hot) Increasing amount & speed of blood flowing to & within skin by widening blood vessels = allows more heat to be lost thereby reducing body temperature Vasocontriction (smaller) Narrowing blood vessels means less heat will be lost = maintaining core temperature of body
39
Define blood pressure and the types
Pressure exerted by circulating blood on walls of blood vessels Hypertension = High (headaches, blurred vision, chest pain) - Primary & secondary Hypotension = Low (dizzy, sick, faint, weak)
40
What is the cardiac cycle? Define systolic and diastolic in relation to blood pressure
Single heart beat Contraction - systolic Relaxation - diastolic
41
Define stroke volume
Amount of blood pumped from ventricle in 1 beat Avg 70ml/beat
42
Define cardiac output How is it calculated?
Blood pumped out of ventricle in 1 minute Stroke volume x heart rate
43
In relation to the anatomy of heart, what are the 4 layers of the heart? What role does each layer fill?
Pericardium Encloses sack Epicardium Thin outer layer of delicate connective tissue Gives slippery texture to outer surface Myocardium Cardiac muscle makes up most of heart muscle tissue, striated in appearance, needs constant flow of oxygen, thicker Endocardium Thinner layer, smooth lining of chambers & valves
44
What are ligaments? Found, made up of and how injured 4
Attach bone to bone (&across joints) Dense collagen fiber Strongest in direction of pull fibers Injured as result of shearing forces (acting unaligned forces on body part that has specific direction)
45
What are tendon? Found, made up of and how injured 6
Attach muscle to bone Tightly packed collagen bundles 2x strength of muscles Flat shape/cord like depending on location Can withstand friction Essential in movement of joints
46
What is the difference between a strain and a sprain?
SPRAIN = injury to ligaments and capsule of a joint in body STRAIN =injury to muscles or tendons
47
What are the 3 joint classifications?
Fibrous (immovable eg/connective part of skull) Cartilaginous (slightly movable (eg/spine) Synovial (freely movable eg/knee, hip) -differ as bones are encased in smooth cartilage, connected by joint capsule lined with synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid which protects muscles, cartilage & connective tissue)
48
What 4 factors affect joint stability?
Shape of articular surfaces (compare hip&shoulder) Capsule & ligaments/tendons Muscle tone (tight,secure,stabilise) Gravity (always acting)
49
What is the function (1) and structure of arteries/arterioles (3)? IS BLOOD VESSEL
Carry blood away from heart -Their structure is adapted for high pressure of blood from heart - Smooth muscle & surrounding elastic fibres aid in stretching -Split into smaller arterioles, then capillaries to reach extremities
50
What is the function (2) of capillaries? IS BLOOD VESSEL
- Site of exchanged materials between blood & tissue - Transfer fluid and proteins to tissue cells via osmosis (as goodness leaves, picks up Co2 & urea)
51
What is the function (1) and structure of veins/venuoles (3)? IS BLOOD VESSEL
- Transport blood back to heart - Capillaries form to create venuoles then veins - They're inelastic as carry low pressure of blood - Have valves
52
What muscles are at rest and which are at work during inspiration of air?
REST - diaphragm - external intercostals RECRUITED - Scalenes (by neck & with rib to elevate cage) - Pectoralis minor (raise ribs 3-5 & expands thoracic cavity) - Abdominals (relax & lengthen diaphragm) - Internal intercostals (Raise ribcage)
53
Outline the process of inspiration of air 3
Diaphragm contracts & flattens so thoracic cavity increases External intercostals contract, moving ribs up & outwards so volume of thoracic cavity increases Air pressure in lungs drops below atmospheric pressure where external air flows into lungs as pressure gradient changes
54
Outline the process of expiration of air 4
Passive process where diaphragm returns to dome shape & intercostals relaxx, reducing thoracic cavity Lungs recoil, decreasing lung volume Pressure in thoracic cavity increases where pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure Air rushes out lungs
55
What is vital capacity in relation to respiratory volumes?
Max amount of air we can forcefully expel after max inhalation
56
What is tidal volume in relation to respiratory volumes?
Amount of air breathed in & out during normal respiration
57
What is residual volume in relation to respiratory volumes?
Amount of air remaining after max exhalation (ensures gaseous exchange continues when were not breathing - alveoli remains inflated with residual volume)
58
How many bones are in the appendicular part of the skeleton? Which parts are included in this section?
126 Shoulder girdle Upper limbs Pelvic girdle Lower limbs
59
How many bones are in the axial part of the skeleton? Which parts are included in this section?
80 Skull Hyoid Vertebral column Thorax
60
How many bones are in each section of the spine?
Cervical - 7 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacrum - 5 Cocyx - 4
61
In relation to risk to life, when was the health and saftey at work made and where is it found?
1974 AP3342
61
List 4 PED responsibilites List 4 unit responsibilities
- working conditions - training & development - work/service maintenance - instructors oustide PED around work/rest - maintain operating systems & procedures - risk assessments - sports & specific safety management associated - engage with H&S on unit to confirm policies & best practice (up to date)
62
Where are risk assessments found and how long is the assessor course?
AP3342 3 days
63
What is the immediate action for exertional collapse? (EC) 4 steps
Stop Evaluate, first aid, hydrate & fan Dynamic risk assessment (can it go ahead with additional control measures approved by commander or no?) Report it (raise FSOR, inform DAIB) report to My Safety
64
What are the: 8 personal 2 external 4 environmental risk factors associated with exertional collapse?
P - dehydrated/stimulants - prior collapse - vaccination/illness - cardiac condition - excessive motivation - poor fitness - fatigue - sickle cell EX - instructors - stresses (financial&family) EN - medication - unacclimatised - temp&humidity - supplements
65
What are the annexes of JSP 375 associated with heat illness/exertion? A-H
A - commanders guide to heat illness prevention B - individuals guide tp heat illness C - work/rest tables D - procurement & calibration of wet bulb (QT34) E - acclimatisation F - hydration guidance G - examples of policy compliance H - basic guidance for all during extreme heat
66
Risk can be reduced through Universal Training Precautions (UTPs), what are 8 things these may be/include?
- acclimatisation to heat/altitude requires 2-4 weeks to adapt - progressive & gradual increase in intensity &duration - hydration sufficient to maintain clear/light yellow urine - strict adherence to policy & guidelines in JSP 375 - ensure work/rest tables adhered to - avoid stimulants, alcohol & caffeine - observe trainees 10 mins post exertion - ensure med facilities nearby & observe immediate symptoms of distress
67
What is sickle cell? What 3 signs are associated with ECAST?
Reduced oxygen levels during max effort casuing some blood cells to deform into sickle shape which can result in blood vessel blockage onto Rhabdo which can lead to blocking of kidneys creating metabolic crisis - front runner falling back - wobbly legs, leg pain, swelling of & tight calves - abdominal pain, tight chest & difficulty breathing Deterioration is rapid, call 999
68
What 3 checks must be done daily in order to use the WBGT?
Ensure wick is clean (if not, results in higher readings=being more restrctive than required) and fully wetted Ensure reservoir filled with distilled water (contaminants like salt can shorten life of wick&stay back after evaporation giving higher readings) Turn unit on & check battery display reads 6.4V/more
69
When using the WGBT, what must be monitored? 4
Location -place in direct sunlight but avoid suntraps - 1/1.1m above ground - no obstructions, vehicles/walls - record positioning Turn monitor on, allow 10 mins before taking measures, then scroll up & down to find desired variable (same for changing direction/water so sensors stabilise, step away too) Demonstrate logging mode If rains, shelter it as will affect heat stress index calcs
70
What does the WBGT measure?
DRY Air temp WET Humidity (temp through evaporation) GLOBE Sun and wind If dry&wet numbers are close, humidity is high&risk of heat illness increased as prevents sweat evaporating) Require annual calibration to remain accurate
71
What happens in Freezing Cold Injury (FCI)? What happens in Non Freezing Cold Injury (NFCI)?
Parts of body freeze as result of exposure to cold resulting in significant disability (extremities incl fingers and toes) Injury often to hands/feet by allowing them to remain cold/wet for long periods
72
Describe frost nip and frost bite
NIP Suerficial tissue injury (recovery of injured part within 30 mins of rewarming) BITE Deeper tissue injury that may result in lasting damage
73
What is overhydration called?
Hyponatremia Incl sodium loss
75
What is compact bone and what tissue surrounds it?
Surface layer of all bones (diaphysis) Helps protect bones from external impact and has great weight bearing properties Periosteum completely surrounds the compact bone (is fibrous and extremely vascular=possessed good blood supply)
76
What is remodelling in relation to bones?
The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue Also redistribution of bone tissue along the lines of mechanical stress

RAF PTI (8 decks)

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