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Anatomy and pathology > CNS Pathologies > Flashcards

CNS Pathologies Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two types of CNS tumors?

A

Glioma and Metastatic Carcinoma

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2
Q

Glioma is a broad term for brain tumors that arise from _____ cells

A

Glial

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3
Q

Glial cells are …..

A

Support cells for the neurons

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4
Q

The 4 different types of Glioma are…

A

Astrocytoma, Ependymoma, Medulloblastoma, Oligodentrocytoma

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5
Q

What is the most common type of Glioma?

A

Astrocytomas (70%)

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6
Q

A ____ is an aggressive type of glioma

A

Gliobastoma

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7
Q

Gliomas are…

A

high grade, rapidly growing with poor prognosis. Tend to be resistant to treatment

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8
Q

What is the typical treatment for glioblastomas

A

Excision by surgery and radiotherapy

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9
Q

Gliobastoma typically occur in ____.

A

Adults, after age 40

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10
Q

Peak age of incidence for glioblastomas is

A

65-75 years old

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11
Q

Where are glioblastomas usually found?

A

In the subcortical white matter and deep grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres (Temporal Lobe)

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of glioblastomas?

A

Increased cranial pressure, Seizures, Focal neurological deficits

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13
Q

What are the most common primary cancers to spread to the brain?

A

Lung & Breast

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14
Q

Metastatic carcinoma usually reaches the brain by _____ spread

A

Hematogenous

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15
Q

What else causes brain metastases?

A

Melanomas, colon carcinomas, testicular and kidney tumors

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16
Q

What are the three type of skull fractures?

A

Linear, Diastatic & Depressed

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17
Q

What does a linear skull fracture appear as?

A

As a sharp lucent line that is often irregular or jagged and occasionally branches

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18
Q

What does a diastatic skull fracture appear as?

A

A linear fracture that intersects a suture and courses along it, causing sutural separation

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19
Q

What does a depressed skull fracture appear as?

A

Often Stellate (Star shaped) with multiple fracture lines radiating outward from a central point

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20
Q

What type of view is often required to determine the amount of depression on a depressed skull fracture?

A

Tangential view

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21
Q

What is the modality of choice for head trauma?

A

Emergency CT

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22
Q

True or false: The presence or absence of a skull fracture does not correlate with intracranial abnormalities

A

True

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23
Q

Epidural (Extradural) hematoma is caused by ____

A

Acute arterial bleeding

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24
Q

An epidural hematoma is caused by bleeding into the space between the ____ and the _____

A

Dura and the Cranium

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25
What is mass effect?
When the bleeding is getting worse in the dura matter and the brain is being pushed away from the skull
26
What does an epidural hematoma usually appear as?
A biconvex (lens shaped) peripheral high density lesion
27
What is a subdural hematoma cause by?
Venous bleeding. Usually it is a vein between the dura and the other meninges
28
What does a subdural hematoma usually appear as on a CT scan?
A crescent shaped, peripheral zone of increased density
29
A subdural hematoma follows ____ and lies adjacent to the _____
The surface of the brain; inner table of the skull
30
An epidural arterial bleed can be compared to a _____ shape
lemon
31
A Subdural venous bleed can be compared to a _____ shape
banana
32
A cerebral contusion is a type of ________
Intracerebral hemorrhage, sometimes considered a brain bruise
33
A cerebral contusion results from
rapid deceleration of the brain, causing it to collide with the inner table of the skull. It occurs when the brain contacts rough skull surfaces (commonly the frontal lobes)
34
Cerebral contusions typically appear on CT scans as ____
low density areas of edema and tissue necrosis
35
Intracerebral hematoma is a _____
traumatic hemorrhage into the brain parenchyma
36
Intracerebral hematoma result from
shearing forces to intraparenchymal arteries. Usually occurs at the junction of the gray and white matter
37
On CT, Intracerebral hematoma appear as _____
a well circumscribed, homogenous, high density region often surrounded by low density edema
38
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage is another form of
hemorrhagic stroke
39
Subarachnoid hemorrhage is from…
bleeding into the subarachnoid space
40
Subarachoid hemorrhages usually occur when…
a weak area in a blood vessel (aneurysm) on the surface of the brain bursts and leaks. The build up of blood causes increased pressure on the brain
41
A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a _____
medical emergency
42
A subarachnoid hemorrhage can also cause bleeding into the _____ system due to surface veins, cerebral parenchyma or cortical arteries
ventricular
43
On CT, subarachnoid hemorrhage shows as
increased density within the basilar cisterns, cerebral fissures and sulci
44
What would happen if blood enter the brain ventricles?
Blood would mix with CSF then circulate down the spinal cord and cause clots
45
The _______ is implicated in 50% of traumatic fistulas
Internal carotid artery
46
Carotid artery injuries are injured by penetrating trauma to the neck, these include
Gunshot wounds & stabbing
47
Stroke denotes the ____ and _____ development of a focal neurologic deficit
Sudden & Dramatic
48
Stroke is also termed an
Acute brain infarction
49
A stroke can vary from _____ to only a trivial neurologic disorder
Dense hemiplegia and coma
50
Specific neurologic defect depends on the _______
affected arteries
51
The bigger the artery the _____ the neurologic effect
worse
52
Symptoms of stroke include
Face droop, aphasia, slurred speech, weakness, loss of mobility
53
Transient Ishemic Attacks are focal neurologic deficits that completely resolve within ______
24 hours
54
A TIA results from
emboli originating from the surface of an arteriosclerotic ulcerated plaque (embolic stroke) or from stenosis of an extracerebral artery
55
A TIA will not show up on
CT Scan
56
Almost _____ of strokes are preceded by TIAs
2/3
57
It is important to diagnose since 5 year cumulative risk of stroke in patients with TIAs maybe be as high as _____%
50%
58
What is the most common location of arteriosclerotic disease that causes TIAs
The region of the carotid bifurcation in the neck (into the internal and external)
59
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage is also termed ______
hemorrhagic stroke
60
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage is bleeding within the
parenchyma of the brain
61
Causes of intraparenchymal hemorrhage are from
head trauma, hypertensive vascular disease, congenital berry aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation
62
Hypertensive hemorrhages result in _______ or _____ collections that displace the surrounding brain and can cause significant mass effect
oval or circular
63
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage can cause fatal herniation of
brain through the foramen magnum
64
A normal aging brain is evidenced on images by
enlargement of the ventricular system and sulci
65
Normal aging brain changes is caused by
Gradual loss of neurons
66
Alzheimer’s disease is a diffuse form of _________ that develops at an earlier age than the senile period
Progressive cerebral atrophy
67
____ and _____ demonstrate non specific findings of cerebral atrophy
CT and MRI
68
Parkinsons disease is a progressive, degenerative disease affecting the _____
basal ganglia
69
Parkinson’s disease is seen as _____ on CT
normal aging of the brain
70
_______ demonstrates degenerative changes as decreased uptake of F-DOPA
Nuclear medicine (SPECT/PET)
71
What are the most common sites for herniation of intervertebral disks
L4/L5, L5/S1, C5/C6, C6/C7,T9-T12
72
Herniation of Intervertebral disks is
A protrusion of a portion of the disk
73
Hydrocephalus is dilation of the ______
Ventricular system
74
What Are the two types of hydrocephalus
Non-communicating(Obstructive) and Communicating
75
Non Communicating Hydrocephalus is
CSF flow blocked somewhere in its normal path
76
Communicating CSF is
CSF flows into extra ventricular subarachnoid space
77
Treatment of hydrocephalus involves
Placement of a shunt between the dilated ventricles and the heart or peritoneal cavity
78
Meningitis is
an acute inflammation of the pia matter and arachnoid
79
Meningitis is caused by
bacteria and viruses
80
Infecting organisms can reach the meninges via
Infection in the middle ear, upper respiratory tract, or frontal sinus. Spread through the blood stream, infection in the lungs
81
What is the most common form of meningitis?
Bacterial meningitis (pyogenic)
82
Bacterial Meningitis is most commonly caused by _____ in neonates and young children
Haemophilus Influenzae
83
Bacterial Meningitis is most commonly caused by ____ in adolescences and adults
Meningococci and pneumococci
84
Viral meningitis may be caused by
mumps, poliovirus and occasionally herpes simplex
85
Encephalitis is a _____ of the brain and sometimes also affects meninges (meningoencephalitis)
Viral inflammation
86
Symptoms of encephalitis can include
Mild headache, fever, ALOC, lethargy, personality change, seizures, coma
87
Herpes simplex virus can cause a ______
sudden, severe and fatal process

Anatomy and pathology (3 decks)

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