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Anatomy and pathology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine glands are made up of…

A

cells that produce and release hormones into the intercellular spaces of surrounding tissues

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2
Q

Endocrine glands of interest to radiographers include the

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals and pineal glands

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3
Q

Exocrine glands are collections of

A

glandular tissues within an organ that produce and release non-hormonal substances into ducts

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4
Q

Hormones are delivered throughout the body via the bloodstream, but affect only certain

A

target cells

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5
Q

Target cells for a particular hormone have specific _____ that can bind to the hormone

A

hormone receptor molecules

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6
Q

The amount of hormone secreted by endocrine cells is regulated to maintain

A

homeostasis

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7
Q

What are the functions of hormones?

A

Help regulate intersitial fluid, metabolism and energy balance, contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers, Control growth and development, regulate operation of genitalia systems, help establish circadian rhythms

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8
Q

What is a feedback loop

A

Allows the brain and body to have control over the secretion rates of hormones. Maintains homeostasis

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9
Q

The ____ is the intergrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

The hypothalamus receives input from several regions of the brain, including the ____

A

limbic system, cerebral cortex, thalamus and reticular activating system

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11
Q

The hypothalamus receives sensory signals from ____ and ____

A

internal organs and the retina

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12
Q

____ experiences all cause changes in hypothalamic activity

A

Painful, stressful and emotional

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13
Q

The hypothalamus controls the ____ division of the ______ nervous system

A

Autonomic; Peripheral

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14
Q

The hypothalamus is an important regulatory in the ____ and also a crucial ____

A

Nervous system; Endocrine glands

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15
Q

The pituitary gland is attached inferiorly to the hypothalamus by a stem like structure called the

A

infundibulum

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16
Q

The pituary gland is the size of a

A

pea (1-1.5cm)

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17
Q

The anterior pituitary manufactures ____ hormones

A

six

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18
Q

The 3 hormones that are not specific to reproductive system that the anterior pituitary manufactures include

A

TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone), GH (Growth Hormone) & ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

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19
Q

____ hormones are hormones that influence the activity of another endocrine gland

A

Tropic Hormones

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20
Q

The anterior pituitary consists of pars ____ and pars _____

A

pars distalis and pars tuberalis

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21
Q

The posterior pituitary consists of the pars ____ and ____

A

Pars nervosa and infundibular stalk

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22
Q

The posterior pituitary does or does not manufacture any hormones?

A

Does NOT

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23
Q

The posterior pituitary stores two hormones made by the hypothalamus, these include:

A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin (ADH)

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24
Q

ADH regulates and balances

A

the amount of water in the blood, by reducing or increasing urine production in the kidneys

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25
Hyperpituitarism is…
Excessive secretion of a hormone (or multiple) secreted by the pituitary gland
26
Hypopituitarism is…
Failure of the pituitary gland to produce 1 or more hormones
27
Overproduction of growth hormone (GH) in puberty before the fusion of the epiphyseal plates is caused by
Hyperpituitarism
28
Overproduction of growth hormone in puberty BEFORE the fusion of the epiphyseal plates causes….
Gigantism, resulting in excessive growth and height
29
Hyperpituitarism after the fusion of growth plates will cause…
Acromegaly. Bones increase in size, typically hands, feet and mandible
30
Hypopitituarism can cause two types of dwarfism, these are:
Proportionate and disproportionate
31
In proportionate dwarfism, all parts of the body are…
small, but proportionate to each other
32
Pituitary dwarfism is caused by
hyposecretion of GH during childhood
33
Pituitary dwarfism can be treated medically with administration of
hGH until the epiphyseal plates causes closure
34
Disproportionate dwarfism is when some parts of the body are
normal size or larger than normal while others are smaller than normal
35
The most common cause of disproportionate dwarfism is …
achondroplasia
36
Achondroplasia is …
an inherited condition in which the conversion of hyaline cartilage to bone is abnormal and the long bones of the limbs stop growing in childhood
37
Achondroplasia is essentially
untreatable, although some opt for limb lengthening surgery
38
The pineal gland is attached to the roof of the
3rd ventricle in the center of the brain and is covered by pia materT
39
The pineal gland secretes the hormone
melatonin, which helps set the body’s biological clock by regulating sleep/wake patterns
40
The pineal gland contains ____ that can be visible on radiographic images, especially CT
Calcium Salts (Brain sand)
41
The thyroid gland is located
on the anterior side of the neck, sits anterior to trachea and inferior to larynx
42
The ___ connects the two lateral lobes of the thyroid gland
Isthmus
43
The thyroid gland is made up of
thyroid follicles
44
The thyroid follicles consist of
Thyrocytes and Parafollicular cells (C Thyrocytes )
45
Thyrocytes secrete
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) which are called thyroid hormones
46
Parafollicular cells secrete
Calcitonin
47
The thyroid stores and secretes ____ and ____
Thyroid hormones (TH) and Calcitonin
48
TH production and release is controlled through a _____ feedback loop
negative
49
Thyorid hormones stimulate _______ which causes an increased level of energy in the body
Cellular metabolism
50
Calcitonin is a hormone that _____ blood calcium levels by inhibiting breakdown of bone, so less calcium enters the blood
decreases
51
Parathyroid glands are small masses located on _____ surface of each lateral lobe of the thyroid gland
Posterior
52
Secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) _____ blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts (bone absorbing cells) to breakdown bony matrix, freeing calcium and phosphorus from bone and into the blood
Increases
53
What would an over active thyroid gland do to you?
Nervousness, emotional instability, inability to sleep, tremors, tachycardia, palpitations, excessive sweating, heat intolerance
54
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
55
Graves disease is an….
autoimmune disease where the body is triggered immune system to overproduce and antibody called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI).
56
What does TSI do in Graves’ disease
It attaches to healthy thyroid cells, causing your thyroid to overproduce thyroid hormones that mimic TSH so TH is continuously released into the blood stream
57
Graves disease Can also be triggered by…
Smoking, stress, radiation to the neck, medication, viruses and thyroid neoplasms
58
Hyperthyroidism is treated with
anti thyroid drugs, radioactive iodine or surgery
59
What would an under active thyroid do to you?
Slow metabolism, fatigue, cold sensitivity, weight gain, constipation, myxedema (non pitting edema in the face and lower legs), goiter
60
____ is a key ingredient of TH
Iodine
61
A limited supply of iodine in the diet means the thyroid cannot produce functional thyroid hormones. This causes the feedback loop to….
Fail. Target cells do not receive functioning TH so they cannot, in turn produce the chemical inhibitors that stop the hypothalamus and pituitary glands from releasing from TSH
62
Congenital hypothyroidism is also refereed to as
congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
63
Congenital hypothyroidism is caused by
low thyroid hormones levels during fetal development due to insufficient dietary iodine during pregnancy
64
Where are the adrenal glands found?
On superior end of the kidneys
65
The adrenal glands are like two glands in one because the _____ secretes different hormones than the _____
Cortex; Medulla
66
All adrenal hormones help us cope with ____
Stress. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol (glucocorticoid)
67
The suprarenal cortex is subdivided into 3 zones, these are…
Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis
68
The Zona Glomerulosa secretes
mineralcorticoids
69
The Zona fasciulata secretes
Glucocorticoid's
70
The Zona Reticularis secretes
(inner area) secretes small amounts of weak androgens
71
The Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex also produces….
Aldosterone (a steroid hormone)
72
Aldosterone is essential for…
Sodium conservation in the kidney, salivary glands, sweat glands and colon. It plays a central role in the homeostatic regulation of blood pressure, plasma sodium and potassium levels
73
When stimulated by ACTH, the Zona fasciculata produces the glucocorticoid ______
cortisol
74
Cortizol has three affects on the body
1. Balances blood sugar and blood pressure 2. It supressses the immune system 3. It has anti inflammatory/anti-allergic effect
75
Suprarenal medulla secretes _____% epinephrine and ______% norepinephrine
80% and 20%
76
Intense exercise or strong emotions stimulate the sympathetic nervous system which causes the ____ to immediately dump epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream
Adrenal medullae
77
Fight or flight response causes…
A rapid increase in blood pressure, heart rate, blood sugar level ad an immediate diversion of blood to the skeletal muscles
78
Abnormally high levels of cortisol in the blood is called
Cushings disease
79
Cushings disease can have an ____ cause or be due to _____
Iatrogenic cause or internal processes
80
The most common cause of cushings disease is use of…
prescribed glucorticoids to treat other diseases such as asthma or arthritis
81
Other causes of Cushings disease include
A pituitary adeonma that secretes ACTH. An adrenal gland tumour that produces excess cortisol
82
Cushings disease signs and symptoms include
Rapid weight gain, moon face, buffalo hump, abdominal obesity, H2O and salt retention, loss of bone mass, muscle weakness, chronic hyperglycemia
83
When a person has cushings disease, severe infections can go unnoticed because of
intense inflammatory effects of increased cortisol
84
The pancreas is …..
both an endocrine and exocrine gland
85
Alpha cells make up ___% of pancreatic islets, while Beta cells make up ___% of pancreatic islets
15% and 80%
86
Pancreatic islets are also known as
Islets of Langerhans
87
Pancreatic islets are clusters of two different types of hormone producing cells that work _____ each other to maintain blood sugar levels
against
88
Alpha cells secrete
Glucagon (Hyperglycemic hormone)
89
Beta cells secrete
insulin (hypoglycemic hormone)
90
Glucagon stimulates to the liver to release glucose into the blood to ….
raise the blood sugar levels
91
____ can also increase glucagon secretion
Cortisol (stress hormone)
92
____ is the only hormone that can decrease blood sugar levels
inuslin
93
What are the three Ps of diabetes mellitus?
Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia
94
Diabetes mellitus is from low insulin levels which lead to excessive _____
hyperglycemia
95
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus is…
Juvenile diabetes, a genetic defect in insulin production
96
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is…
insulin resistant diabetes. May be genetically predisposed, but obesity and inactive are risk factors
97
Patients with type 2 diabetes are at an increased risk for …
CAD, Stroke, DVT
98
Complications of diabetes mellitus include
Atherosclerosis (MI, stroke, gangrene), Development of infections due to poor circulation, Kidneys are always affected, Blindness due to rupture of retinal blood vessels

Anatomy and pathology (3 decks)

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