Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Nervous System > CNS Pharmacology (SUDWEEKS) > Flashcards

CNS Pharmacology (SUDWEEKS) Flashcards

(97 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Which of the following are “Typical antipsychotics”?

A. Clozapine

B. Olanzapine

C. Phenothiazines

D. Risperidone

A

C. Phenothiazines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Discuss the Dopamine hypothesis:

A

Hyperactive dopamine pathway causes psychosis.

There are “typical antipsychotics” and “atypical antipsychotics” that both are dopamine antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which of the following are “Typical antipsychotics”?

A. Clozapine

B. Olanzapine

C. Chlorpromazine

D. Risperidone

A

C. Chlorpromazine

note: chlorpromazine is a derivative of phenothiazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the following is the most widely prescribed “Typical antipsychotics”?

A. Clozapine

B. Olanzapine

C. Haloperidol

D. Risperidone

A

C. Haloperidol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

______ is the most widely prescribed “typical antipsychotic”.

A

Haloperidol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

“Typical” antipsychotics can cause all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Tardive dyskinesias

B. Parkinson like symptoms

C. Dystonias (spasms)

D. Perioral tremor

E. “Typical” antipsychotics can cause all of the above

A

E. “Typical” antipsychotics can cause all of the above

note: “typical” antipsychotics can cause perioral tremor - “Rabbit syndrome”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Clozapine is an _______.

A. “typical” antipsychotic

B. “atypical” antipsychotic

A

B. “atypical” antipsychotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Discuss “Typical” vs “Atypical” antipsychotics:

A

Both of them block D2 receptors (dopamine)

“Typical” Antipsychotics:

  • 1st generation dopamine antagonist
  • Eg. Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol
  • Can cause:
    • Tardive dyskinesias
    • Parkinson like symptoms
    • Dystonias (spasms)
    • Perioral tremor “Rabbit syndrome”

“Atypical” Antipsychotics:

  • Newer (2nd generation” D2 antagonist
  • Less likely to develop tardive dyskinesias
  • Eg. Clozapine
  • some also block 5HT-2 receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How can you manage the extrapyramidal motor effects of antipsychotics?

A

By using Antimuscarinic drugs

  • ACh and dopamine oppose each other in the basal ganglia, so blocking muscarinic receptors tends to balance out the blocking of the dopamine receptors by the antipsychotic drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Discuss Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome:

A

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

  • A life-threatening neurological disorder that is an adverse rxn to antipsychotic drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the desired mechanism of action of antipsychotics?

A

Dopamine blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are other adverse effects of antipsychotic use?

A
  • Antimuscarinic symptoms (from the antimuscarinic drugs used to tx antipsychotic drug side effects): constipation, dry mouth, bradycardia
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Convulsions
  • Photosensitivity
  • Cardiac arrhythmias (long QT syndrome)
  • Galactorrhea (Dopamine is “PIH” Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the common side effects of antipsychotic drugs?

A

Extrapyramidal motor effecs

  • Tardive dyskinesias (jerky movements)
  • Parkinson like symptoms
  • Dystonias (spasma)
  • Perioral tremor “Rabbit Syndrome”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_______ are the 3rd most common prescription drugs taken by americans of all ages.

A

Antidepressants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Discuss the difference between Unipolar vs Bipolar depression:

A

Unipolar: mood changes in one direction

  • stress related, not genetic

Bipolar: less common than unipolar

  • hereditary
  • oscillates between manic and depressive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which of the following is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)?

A. Amitriptyline

B. Fluoxetine

C. Venlafaxine

D. Duloxetine

E. Bupropion

A

B. Fluoxetine

Amitriptyline = Tricyclic antidepressant (TCAs)

Fluoxetine = Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRIs)

Venlafaxine = mixed 5-HT and NE Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

Duloxetine = mixed 5-HT and NE Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

Bupropion = Norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which of the following is a Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor?

A. Amitriptyline

B. Fluoxetine

C. Venlafaxine

D. Duloxetine

E. Bupropion

A

E. Bupropion (Wellbutrin)

Amitriptyline = Tricyclic antidepressant (TCAs)

Fluoxetine = Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRIs)

Venlafaxine = mixed 5-HT and NE Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

Duloxetine = mixed 5-HT and NE Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

Bupropion = Norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which of the following is Tricyclic antidepressant (TCAs)?

A. Amitriptyline

B. Fluoxetine

C. Venlafaxine

D. Duloxetine

E. Bupropion

A

A. Amitriptyline

note: it has “tri” in the name

Amitriptyline = Tricyclic antidepressant (TCAs)

Fluoxetine = Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRIs)

Venlafaxine = mixed 5-HT and NE Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

Duloxetine = mixed 5-HT and NE Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

Bupropion = Norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which of the following is a mixed 5-HT and NE reuptake inhibitor (SNRIs)?

A. Amitriptyline

B. Fluoxetine

C. Venlafaxine

D. Duloxetine

E. Bupropion

A

C. Venlafaxine

D. Duloxetine

Amitriptyline = Tricyclic antidepressant (TCAs)

Fluoxetine = Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRIs)

Venlafaxine = mixed 5-HT and NE Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

Duloxetine = mixed 5-HT and NE Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

Bupropion = Norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which of the following is a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOIs)?

A. Amitriptyline

B. Fluoxetine

C. Phenelzine

D. Duloxetine

E. Bupropion

A

C. Phenelzine

note: these should not be used together w/ other antidepressant drugs, or w/ autonomic drugs that cause the release of catecholamines or serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

All of the following are side effects of SSRIs EXCEPT:

A. Nausea

B. Anorexia

C Insomnia

D. Dry mouth

E. Loss of libido

A

D. Dry mouth

SSRI side effects:

  • Nausea
  • Anorexia
  • Insomnia
  • Loss of libido

TCAs side effects:

  • Initial use:
    • sedation
    • confusion
    • motor impairment
  • Other effects:
    • dry mouth
    • blurred vision
    • urinary retention
    • postural hypotension
    • Ventricular dysrhythmias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List the side effects of TCAs:

A

TCAs side effects

Initial use:

  • sedation
  • confusion
  • motor impairment
  • (these side effects usually wear off in days)

Other effects:

  • dry mouth
  • blurred vision
  • urinary retention
  • postural hypotension
  • continued sedation in some, overdose –> ventricular dysrhythmias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List the side effects for Monoamine receptor antagonist and MAOIs:

A

Monoamine receptor antagonist

  • constipation
  • increased appetite
  • weight gain
  • somnolence

MAOIs

  • hypotension
  • tremors
  • exitement
  • insomnia
  • increased appetite
  • weight gain
  • dry mouth
  • bluurred vision
  • urinary retention
  • Interacts with foods containing tyramine (i.e. cheese and fermented compounds
  • Drug interactions can be life-threatening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which of the following drugs counteract with tyramine containing foods (i.e. cheese and fermented compounds)?

A. SSRIs

B. Monoamine receptor antagonist

C. TCAs

D. MAOIs

A

D. MAOIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Which of the following is the most commonly prescribed antidepressants? A. SSRIs B. Monoamine receptor antagonist C. TCAs D. MAOIs
A. SSRIs note: generally have the fewest severe side effects, and high therapeutic index
26
List other clinical uses for each of the following: * TCAs * TCAs and SSRIs * SSRIs * Buproprion
* TCAs for neuropathic pain * TCAs and SSRIs for fibromyalgia * SSRIs for anxiety disorders * SSRIs for ADHD * Buproprion (NE uptake blocker) for addiction
27
Which of the following is a Monoamine receptor antagonist (i.e. alpha2 blocker)? A. Trazodone B. Mirtazapine C. St. John's wort D. Esketamine
B. Mirtazapine **Trazodone**: thought to potentiate 5HT activity (get mixed agonist, antagonist activity) and blocks alpha1 receptors **Mirtazapine**: monoamine receptor antagonist (alpha2 blocker) **St. John's wort**: (contain hyperforin) a weak monoamine uptake inhibitor that activates P450 enzymes **Esketamine**: S-enantiomer of ketamine (general anesthetic) that blocks NMDA receptors
28
Which of the following is a weak monoamine uptake inhibitor that activates P450 enzymes? A. Trazodone B. Mirtazapine C. St. John's wort D. Esketamine
C. St. John's wort **Trazodone**: thought to potentiate 5HT activity (get mixed agonist, antagonist activity) and blocks alpha1 receptors **Mirtazapine**: monoamine receptor antagonist (alpha2 blocker) **St. John's wort**: (contain hyperforin) a weak monoamine uptake inhibitor that activates P450 enzymes **Esketamine**: S-enantiomer of ketamine (general anesthetic) that blocks NMDA receptors
29
Which of the following is thought to potentiate 5HT activity (get mixed agonist, antagonist activity) and also blocks alpha1 receptors? A. Trazodone B. Mirtazapine C. St. John's wort D. Esketamine
A. Trazodone **Trazodone**: thought to potentiate 5HT activity (get mixed agonist, antagonist activity) and blocks alpha1 receptors **Mirtazapine**: monoamine receptor antagonist (alpha2 blocker) **St. John's wort**: (contain hyperforin) a weak monoamine uptake inhibitor that activates P450 enzymes **Esketamine**: S-enantiomer of ketamine (general anesthetic) that blocks NMDA receptors
30
Which of the following is an **S-enantiomer of ketamine** (general anesthetic) given as a nasal spray that blocks **NMDA receptors**? A. Trazodone B. Mirtazapine C. St. John's wort D. Esketamine
D. Esketamine **Trazodone**: thought to potentiate 5HT activity (get mixed agonist, antagonist activity) and blocks alpha1 receptors **Mirtazapine**: monoamine receptor antagonist (alpha2 blocker) **St. John's wort**: (contain hyperforin) a weak monoamine uptake inhibitor that activates P450 enzymes **Esketamine**: S-enantiomer of ketamine (general anesthetic) that blocks NMDA receptors
31
Which of the following is a newly approved antidepressant? A. Trazodone B. Mirtazapine C. St. John's wort D. Esketamine
D. Esketamine
32
Which of the following blocks NMDA receptors? A. Trazodone B. Mirtazapine C. St. John's wort D. Esketamine
D. Esketamine
33
Which of the following is an S-enantiomer of ketamine (general anesthetic)? A. Trazodone B. Mirtazapine C. St. John's wort D. Esketamine
D. Esketamine note: esketamine is given as a nasal spray
34
Which of the following has to be taken under doctor's supervision and is contraindicated in pts w/ hypertension? A. Trazodone B. Mirtazapine C. St. John's wort D. Esketamine
D. Esketamine
35
Which of the following contains hyperforin? A. Trazodone B. Mirtazapine C. St. John's wort D. Esketamine
C. St. John's wort
36
Which of the following get mixed agonist/antagonist activity? A. Trazodone B. Mirtazapine C. St. John's wort D. Esketamine
A. Trazodone
37
List 3 drugs used to tx **bipolar** depression:
Lithium, Valproate and Olanzapine
38
Which of the following is an atypical antipsychotic? A. Lithium B. Valproate C. Olanzapine D. Diazepam
C. Olanzapine
39
Which of the following is a mixed dopamine and 5HT2 receptor antagonist? A. Lithium B. Valproate C. Olanzapine D. Diazepam
C. Olanzapine
40
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a prolactin inhibiting hormone that may lead to galactorrhea.
Dopamine
41
Which of the following is an antiepileptic drug? A. Lithium B. Valproate C. Olanzapine D. Diazepam
B. Valproate
42
Which of the following is an anti-mania or "Mood stabilizing drug"? A. Lithium B. Valproate C. Olanzapine D. Diazepam
A. Lithium
43
Which of the following is used prophylactically to avoid manic-depressive episodes? A. Lithium B. Valproate C. Olanzapine D. Diazepam
A. Lithium Lithium toxicity: nausea, diarrhea, convulsions, coma, hyperreflexia, cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension, thyroid effects, polyuria * Dietary Na+ restriction leads to increaed lithium retention in the kidneys and can lead to toxicity
44
Which of the following has a narrow therapeutic index? A. Lithium B. Valproate C. Olanzapine D. Diazepam
A. Lithium note: careful with lithium toxicity
45
Most ______ work by activating or enhancing chloride channels (GABA-A receptors).
Sedative hypnotics GABA-A receptors also have allosteric binding sites * BZ1 site (omega-1) * BZ2 site (omega-2)
46
List some uses for sedative hypnotics:
* antianxiety * panic disorders * sedation * anticonvulsants * amnesia * insomnia * skeletal muscle relaxation (particularly baclofen)
47
List some adverse effects of Sedative Hypnotics:
Adverse effects * ataxia * confusion * excessive sedation * amnesia * altered sleep patterns
48
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and _______ enhance effect of native GABA on GABA-A receptors (modulators, not direct agonist).
Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates note: barbiturates at higher doses also inhibit AMPA (glutamate) receptors
49
All of the following are classified as Barbiturates EXCEPT: A. Phenobarbital B. Diazepam C. Thiopental D. Pentobarbital
B. Diazepam Barbiturates = Phenobarbital, Pentobarbital, Thiopental Benzodiazepines = Diazepam
50
Which of the following is a Benzodiazepine? A. Phenobarbital B. Diazepam C. Thiopental D. Pentobarbital
B. Diazepam
51
Which of the following is a **long acting** Barbiturate used to tx epilepsy? A. Phenobarbital B. Diazepam C. Thiopental D. Pentobarbital
A. Phenobarbital Long acting =Phenobarbital Intermediate acting = Pentobarbital Short acting = Thiopental
52
Which of the following is a **intermediate acting** Barbiturate sometimes used for sleep induction? A. Phenobarbital B. Diazepam C. Thiopental D. Pentobarbital
D. Pentobarbital Long acting =Phenobarbital Intermediate acting = Pentobarbital Short acting = Thiopental
53
Which of the following is a **short acting** Barbiturate used as an induction anesthetic? A. Phenobarbital B. Diazepam C. Thiopental D. Pentobarbital
C. Thiopental Long acting =Phenobarbital Intermediate acting = Pentobarbital Short acting = Thiopental
54
Which of the following is used to tx epilepsy? A. Phenobarbital B. Diazepam C. Thiopental D. Pentobarbital
A. Phenobarbital
55
Which of the following is used for sleep induction? A. Phenobarbital B. Diazepam C. Thiopental D. Pentobarbital
D. Pentobarbital
56
Which of the following is an induction anesthetic? A. Phenobarbital B. Diazepam C. Thiopental D. Pentobarbital
C. Thiopental
57
Which of the following is contraindicated in certain types of porphyria (genetic condition affecting heme synthesis)? A. MAOIs B. SSRIs C. Benzodiazepines D. Barbiturates
D. Barbiturates
58
Which of the following have active metabolites that extends the functional half-life? A. Metoprolol B. Clonidine C. Diazepam D. Phenobarbital E. Pentobarbital
C. Diazepam
59
Which of the following act on GABA-A receptors (BZ1 receptor site) and has a low risk of dependence? A. Buspirone B. Baclofen C. Chloral Hydrate D. Zolpidem E. Flumazenil
D. Zolpidem * Not anticonvulsant * used mainly to **tx insomnia** Buspirone = partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors Baclofen = GABA-B agonist Chloral Hydrate = used in dentistry for conscious sedation Zolpidem = GABA-A agonist (BZ1 recceptor site) Flumazenil = GABA-A antagonist
60
Which of the following has a similar action as bezodiazepines but is used as a short acting sleep inducer? A. Buspirone B. Baclofen C. Chloral Hydrate D. Zolpidem E. Flumazenil
C. Chloral Hydrate * **used for conscious sedation in dentistry, repetitive doses should not be used** * can result in serious cardiac toxicities if not controlled Buspirone = partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors Baclofen = GABA-B agonist Chloral Hydrate = used in dentistry for conscious sedation Zolpidem = GABA-A agonist (BZ1 recceptor site) Flumazenil = GABA-A antagonist
61
Which of the following is a GABA-A antagonist that will reverse sedation from drugs acting at BZ sites? A. Buspirone B. Baclofen C. Chloral Hydrate D. Zolpidem E. Flumazenil
E. Flumazenil Buspirone = partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors Baclofen = GABA-B agonist Chloral Hydrate = used in dentistry for conscious sedation Zolpidem = GABA-A agonist (BZ1 recceptor site) Flumazenil = GABA-A antagonist
62
Which of the following is a GABA-B agonist? A. Buspirone B. Baclofen C. Chloral Hydrate D. Zolpidem E. Flumazenil
B. Baclofen * G-protein linked receptor, not an ion channel, activates Gi, leads to decreased cell activity. Sometimes used to treat trigeminal neuralgia Buspirone = partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors Baclofen = GABA-B agonist Chloral Hydrate = used in dentistry for conscious sedation Zolpidem = GABA-A agonist (BZ1 recceptor site) Flumazenil = GABA-A antagonist
63
Which of the following **block H1 receptors** in CNS to cause sedation? A. Buspirone B. Baclofen C. Diphenhydramine D. Zolpidem E. Flumazenil
C. Diphenhydramine Buspirone = partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors Baclofen = GABA-B agonist Zolpidem = GABA-A agonist (BZ1 recceptor site) Flumazenil = GABA-A antagonist Diphenhydramine = H1 receptor blocker
64
Which of the following is a partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors (NOT GABA)? A. Buspirone B. Baclofen C. Diphenhydramine D. Zolpidem E. Flumazenil
A. Buspirone Buspirone = partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors Baclofen = GABA-B agonist Zolpidem = GABA-A agonist (BZ1 recceptor site) Flumazenil = GABA-A antagonist Diphenhydramine = H1 receptor blocker
65
Which of the following is not clinically used bc it likely affects multiple targets including GABA-A? A. Buspirone B. Baclofen C. Diphenhydramine D. Zolpidem E. Ethanol
E. Ethanol Buspirone = partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors Baclofen = GABA-B agonist Zolpidem = GABA-A agonist (BZ1 recceptor site) Flumazenil = GABA-A antagonist Diphenhydramine = H1 receptor blocker Ethanol = affects multiple targets not clinically used
66
Which of the following is a sedative hypnotic? A. Methocarbamol B. Carisoprodol C. Cyclobenzaprine D. Two of the above E. All of the above
E. All of the above note: all of these answer choices are sedative hypnotics that have less described mechanisms of action
67
Discuss Epilepsy:
Epilepsy * Seizures - inappropriate and excessive activity of CNS neurons * Partial seizures are limited to one side of the brain at onset * 2 types of generalized seizures: * Tonic-clonic (grand mal) * Absence (petit mal)
68
Discuss the mechanisms of action for Antiepileptics?
Antiepileptics * NaV+ channels antagonist * Ca2+ channel antagonist * Glutatmate receptor antagonist (AMPA, NMDA) * Cl- channel agonists
69
All of the following are mechanisms of action for Antiepileptics **EXCEPT**: A. NaV+ channel antagonist B. Ca2+ channel antagonist C. Cl- channel antagonist D. Cl- channel agonist
C. Cl- channel antagonist
70
Which of the following is an antiepileptic drug w/ a mechanism of action at the GABA-A receptor modulator? A. Clonidine B. Zolpidem C. Phenobarbital D. Flumazenil E. All of the above
C. Phenobarbital
71
Discuss Phenobarbital: * What is Phenobarbital used to tx? * What is the mechanism of action? * What are the adverse effects of Phenobarbital?
Phenobarbital * Antiepileptic * GABA-A modulators * Adverse effects: * induction of liver enzymes ---\> a lot of potential for drug/drug interactions * sedation * hepatic toxicity * Osteomalacia * Respiratory depression
72
Which of the following has a lot of potential for drug/drug interactions due to the induction of liver enzymes? A. Clonidine B. Zolpidem C. Phenobarbital D. Flumazenil E. All of the above
C. Phenobarbital
73
Which of the following is a NaV+ antagonist used to tx epilepsy? A. Clonidine B. Zolpidem C. Phenobarbital D. Flumazenil E. Phenytoin
E. Phenytoin
74
Discuss Phenytoin: * What type of drug is Phenytoin? * What is the mechanism of action for Phenytoin? * Sometimes also used for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. * Why is Phenytoin dangerous? * What are adverse effects of Phenytoin?
**_Phenytoin_** * Antiepileptic * NaV+ antagonist * Sometimes also used for trigeminal neuralgia * Phenytoin is dangerous bc it is often eliminated by **"Zero-order kinetics"** * this means their is a **potential for overdose** * Adverse effects: * **Gingival hyperplasia** * can get drug/drug interactions from liver metabolism
75
Which of the following is eliminated by "Zero-order kinetics" w/ a potential for overdose? A. Phenytoin B. Phenobarbital C. Primidone D. Carbamazepine E. Gabapentin
A. Phenytoin Valproic acid (Valproate) = GABA agonist, NaV+ and CaV2+ antagonist Phenobarbital = GABA-A Primidone = metabolized to phenobarbital Carbamazepine = NaV+ antagonist Gabapentin = unkown mechanism of action Phenytoin = NaV+ antagonist
76
Which of the following may cause **gingival hyperplasia**? A. Phenytoin B. Phenobarbital C. Primidone D. Carbamazepine E. Gabapentin
A. Phenytoin Valproic acid (Valproate) = GABA agonist, NaV+ and CaV2+ antagonist Phenobarbital = GABA-A Primidone = metabolized to phenobarbital Carbamazepine = NaV+ antagonist Gabapentin = unkown mechanism of action Phenytoin = NaV+ antagonist
77
Which of the following is a **NaV+ antagonist** used to tx epilepsy? A. Valproic acid (Valproate) B. Phenobarbital C. Primidone D. Carbamazepine E. Gabapentin
D. Carbamazepine Valproic acid (Valproate) = GABA agonist, NaV+ and CaV2+ antagonist Phenobarbital = GABA-A Primidone = metabolized to phenobarbital Carbamazepine = NaV+ antagonist Gabapentin = unkown mechanism of action
78
Which of the following is a GABA-A receptor modulator used to tx epilepsy? A. Valproic acid (Valproate) B. Phenobarbital C. Primidone D. Carbamazepine E. Gabapentin
B. Phenobarbital Valproic acid (Valproate) = GABA agonist, NaV+ and CaV2+ antagonist Phenobarbital = GABA-A Primidone = metabolized to phenobarbital Carbamazepine = NaV+ antagonist Gabapentin = unkown mechanism of action
79
Which of the following antiepileptic drugs is metabolized to phenobarbital and has acute systemic and CNS toxicity that tend to limit its use? A. Valproic acid (Valproate) B. Phenobarbital C. Primidone D. Carbamazepine E. Gabapentin
C. Primidone Valproic acid (Valproate) = GABA agonist, NaV+ and CaV2+ antagonist Phenobarbital = GABA-A Primidone = metabolized to phenobarbital Carbamazepine = NaV+ antagonist Gabapentin = unkown mechanism of action
80
Which of the following antiepileptics is approved as adjunct for partial seizures but is actually used more to treat neuralgia than epilepsy? A. Valproic acid (Valproate) B. Phenobarbital C. Primidone D. Carbamazepine E. Gabapentin
E. Gabapentin Valproic acid (Valproate) = GABA agonist, NaV+ and CaV2+ antagonist Phenobarbital = GABA-A Primidone = metabolized to phenobarbital Carbamazepine = NaV+ antagonist Gabapentin = unkown mechanism of action
81
Which of the following is thought to increase GABA and block NaV+ and CaV++? A. Valproic acid (Valproate) B. Phenobarbital C. Primidone D. Carbamazepine E. Gabapentin
A. Valproic acid (Valproate) Ethosuximide = block CaV2+ for absence seizures Valproic acid (Valproate) = GABA agonist, NaV+ and CaV2+ antagonist Phenobarbital = GABA-A Primidone = metabolized to phenobarbital Carbamazepine = NaV+ antagonist Gabapentin = unkown mechanism of action
82
Which of the following is thought to block CaV2+ and is FFDA approved as adjunct for **absence seizures**? A. Valproic acid (Valproate) B. Phenobarbital C. Ethosuximide D. Carbamazepine E. Gabapentin
C. Ethosuximide Ethosuximide = block CaV2+ for absence seizures Valproic acid (Valproate) = GABA agonist, NaV+ and CaV2+ antagonist Phenobarbital = GABA-A Primidone = metabolized to phenobarbital Carbamazepine = NaV+ antagonist Gabapentin = unkown mechanism of action
83
Which of the following is FDA approved as adjunct for **absence seizures**? A.Ethosuximide B. Phenobarbital C. Phenytoin D. Carbamazepine E. Gabapentin
A.Ethosuximide
84
Discuss Parkinson's Disease:
**_Parkinson's Disease_** * Characterized by progressive hypokinesia * loss of voluntary movement * Tremor at rest * involuntary hyperkinesia * "Pill rolling" * tends to disappear w/ voluntary movement * Progresses to muscle rigidity * Patients have "Off" and "On" phases * Can lead to cognitive impairment
85
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is characterized by a defect in the signaling pathways of the basal ganglia.
Parkinson's Disease
86
Parkinson's disease is characterized by a defect in the signaling pathways of the \_\_\_\_\_\_.
basal ganglia
87
Discuss Parkinson's disease tx strategies?
Parkinson's tx strategies * increase dopamine receptor activation in basal ganglia * block muscarinic receptors in the basal ganglia * block NMDA glutamate receptors
88
In Parkinson's disease there is a loss of DA cells in the \_\_\_\_\_\_.
**substantia nigra** * leads to less GABAergic (inhibitory) stimulation of the thalamus * Get increased excitatory output to the motor cortex
89
Which of the following is transported past BBB and converted into dopamine to tx Parkinson's? A. Carbidopa B. Levodopa C. Pramipexole D. Tolcapone E. Rasagiline
B. Levodopa Carbipoba = dopa decarboxylase inhibitor Levodopa = (L-Dopa), transported pass BBB converted to dopamine Pramipexole = DA receptor agonist Tolcapone = block catecholamine O-methyl transferase (COMT) Rasagiline = blocks monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) Selegiline = similar mechanism to rasagiline
90
Which of the following is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor? A. Carbidopa B. Levodopa C. Pramipexole D. Tolcapone E. Rasagiline
A. Carbidopa note: Carbipoa is used in conjunction w/ L-Dopa Carbipoba = dopa decarboxylase inhibitor Levodopa = (L-Dopa), transported pass BBB converted to dopamine Pramipexole = DA receptor agonist Tolcapone = block catecholamine O-methyl transferase (COMT) Rasagiline = blocks monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) Selegiline = similar mechanism to rasagiline
91
Which of the following does NOT pass BBB, keeps L-Dipa from being converted into dopamine in periphery and reduces side effect? A. Carbidopa B. Levodopa C. Pramipexole D. Tolcapone E. Rasagiline
A. Carbidopa Carbipoba = dopa decarboxylase inhibitor Levodopa = (L-Dopa), transported pass BBB converted to dopamine Pramipexole = DA receptor agonist Tolcapone = block catecholamine O-methyl transferase (COMT) Rasagiline = blocks monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) Selegiline = similar mechanism to rasagiline
92
Which of the following block catecholamine O-methyl transferase (**COMT**), which prevents breakdown of dopamine in CNS? A. Carbidopa B. Levodopa C. Pramipexole D. Tolcapone E. Rasagiline
D. Tolcapone Carbipoba = dopa decarboxylase inhibitor Levodopa = (L-Dopa), transported pass BBB converted to dopamine Pramipexole = DA receptor agonist Tolcapone = block catecholamine O-methyl transferase (COMT) Rasagiline = blocks monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) Selegiline = similar mechanism to rasagiline
93
Which of the following is a **DA receptor agonist** used to tx Parkinson's? A. Selegiline B. Levodopa C. Pramipexole D. Tolcapone E. Rasagiline
C. Pramipexole Carbipoba = dopa decarboxylase inhibitor Levodopa = (L-Dopa), transported pass BBB converted to dopamine Pramipexole = DA receptor agonist Tolcapone = block catecholamine O-methyl transferase (COMT) Rasagiline = blocks monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) Selegiline = similar mechanism to rasagiline
94
Which of the following blocks monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B), which prevents breakdown of dopamine in CNS? A. Clonidine B. Levodopa C. Pramipexole D. Tolcapone E. Rasagiline
E. Rasagiline Carbipoba = dopa decarboxylase inhibitor Levodopa = (L-Dopa), transported pass BBB converted to dopamine Pramipexole = DA receptor agonist Tolcapone = block catecholamine O-methyl transferase (COMT) Rasagiline = blocks monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) Selegiline = similar mechanism to rasagiline
95
Which of the following blocks H1 histamine receptors and is used to tx extra-pyramidal side-effects? A. Amantadine B. Diphenhydramine C. Benzotropine D. Selegiline
B. Diphenhydramine
96
Which of the following is an anticholinergic drug used to tx parkinson's? A. Amantadine B. Diphenhydramine C. Benzotropine D. Selegiline
C. Benzotropine
97
Which of the following blocks the NMDA receptor and was previously used as an antiflu medication? A. Amantadine B. Diphenhydramine C. Benzotropine D. Selegiline
A. Amantadine Amantadine = blocks NMDA receptor (Parkinson's tx) Diphenhydramine = blocks H1 receptor Benzotropine = anticholinergic (tx parkinson's)

Nervous System (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions