Nervous Histology (REYNOLDS) Flashcards by Gavin Kallabat

What does the nervous system do and how does it do it?

Thinking
reasoning
emotions
sensation
respiration
digestion
cardiovascular
movement
temperature control

How does the nervous system do it?

An electrochemical signala called an action potential sends messages to the body

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What are the 6 components of the nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, supporting cells, CNS and PNS

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The nervous system can be divided into sensation –> integration —> reaction. Which of the following is responsible for sensation?

A. CNS

B. PNS

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The nervous system can be divided into sensation –> integration —> reaction. Which of the following is responsible for integration?

A. CNS

B. PNS

A. CNS

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Discuss Neurons in regards to the nervous system:

Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons

Sensory (afferent) neurons: signals from receptors to CNS

Motor (efferent) neurons: signals from the CNS to effector tissue

Interneurons: signal between neurons (most numerous of the above)

note: neuroglial cells outnumber all other neurons by 10:1

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Discuss Neuroglial cells:

What are they and what do they do?
Are there a lot of them?
What scientist identifies neuroglial cells?
Alzheimers?

Neuroglial cells:

Cells that:

provide neuronal support and nutrition
maintain homeostasis
forms myelin
participates in transmission

Outnumber neurons 10:1

Thomas Harvey and Marian Diamond discovered neuroglial cells

Alzheimer’s:

Caused by a glial cell deficiency
Glial cells breakdown beta-amalide which is what forms plaques and tangaloids around nervous cells

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What are the 4 neuron characteristics?

Conducting potential
Longevity (last 100’s of years)
Amitotic (no new neurons)
High metabolic rate (use a lot of energy)

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Discuss Soma in regards to the nervous system:

Soma

Cell body (perikaryon)
- nucleus and most organelles
Neuronal RER = Nissl body (where somas are found)
- described as “gray matter”
Bundles of intermediate filaments (neurofibrrils) maintain integrity
Form clusters:
- In CNS called Nuclei
- In PNS call Ganglia

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Discuss Dendrites in regards to the nervous system:

Dendrites

Most neurons have several
Receive impulses and carry them toward the soma
Significantly increases surface area, further increased by dendritic spines

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Discuss Axons in regards to the nervous system:

Axons

Most neurons have ONE
Long w/ uniform diameter
Carry action potentials away from soma, originates at axon hillock
Ends may branch into collaterals
Terminate at axon terminals (or bulb) ful of synaptic vesicles

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Which of the following do most neurons have only ONE of?

A. Dendrites

B. Axons

Most neurons have ONE axon

Most neurons have several dendrites

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Which of the following receive impulses and carry them toward the soma?

A. Dendrites

B. Axons

A. Dendrites

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Which of the following carry action potentials away from soma?

A. Dendrites

B. Axons

Dendrites = carry impulses to soma

Axons = carry action potentials away from soma

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A ______ is a junction where the axon bulb of one neuron interacts with another neuron or an effector organ like a muscle or gland.

Synapse

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Which of the following arrows refer to the synaptic cleft?

A. arrow #1

B. arrow #2

C. arrow #3

D. arrow #4

C. arrow #3

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Which of the following arrows refer to the postsynaptic neuron?

A. arrow #1

B. arrow #2

C. arrow #3

D. arrow #4

D. arrow #4

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Which of the following arrows refer to the presynaptic neuron?

A. arrow #1

B. arrow #2

C. arrow #3

D. arrow #4

A. arrow #1

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Discuss Resting Potential in regards to the nervous system:

Resting Potential

Neurons are highly polarized (-70mV) due to:
- differential permeability to K+ and Na+ and Na+/K+ pump
- the presence of intracellular impermeable anions (like negatively charged proteins)
Changes in V_M allow for AP generation

note: intracellular is (-) and extracellular is (+)

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Discuss Graded Potentials in regards to the nervous system:

Graded Potentials:

Consider a stimulus at the dendrite of a neuron:

Leaky Na+ channels open allowing Na+ into the cell
- As Na+ comes in, the resting potential becomes more and more positive.
- Some of the Na+ leaks out of the membrane and decrease the degree of polarization
- As you move away (distance) from the point of impact, the amplitude of the stimulus will decrease (similar to throwin a stone into a pond causing ripples)
Voltage-gated channels are only found in abundance on the axon hillock and axolemma (plasma membrane associated with the axon)
- All or none action potential
GP amplitude maybe of almost any size - it simply depends on how much Na⁺ originally entered
If the initial GP is sufficient, it will spread to the axon hillock where voltage-gated channels allow for AP.
- The AP will travel down the axon to the synaptic knob and cause neurotransmitter release (exocytosis)
- If the potential change is subthreshold, then no AP will ensue and nothing will happen

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Which of the following types of neurons is associated w/ sensory neurons (e.g. taste)?

A. Unipolar neurons

B. Bipolar neurons

C. Multipolar neurons

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A. Unipolar neurons

Unipolar neurons = sensory neurons (taste)

Bipolar neurons = special senses (sight)

Multipolar = most common; motor neurons and interneurons

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Which of the following types of neurons is associated w/ special senses?

A. Unipolar neurons

B. Bipolar neurons

C. Multipolar neurons

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

B. Bipolar neurons

Unipolar neurons = sensory neurons (taste)

Bipolar neurons = special senses (sight)

Multipolar = most common; motor neurons and interneurons

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Which of the following types of neurons is associated w/ motor neurons and interneurons?

A. Unipolar neurons

B. Bipolar neurons

C. Multipolar neurons

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

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C. Multipolar neurons

Unipolar neurons = sensory neurons (taste)

Bipolar neurons = special senses (sight)

Multipolar = most common; motor neurons and interneurons

Which of the following is the most common type of neuron?

A. Unipolar neurons

B. Bipolar neurons

C. Multipolar neurons

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

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C. Multipolar neurons

List the 6 types of glial cells?

Identify where each of the 6 glial cells are located?
- CNS/PNS

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Astrocytes = CNS

Oligodendrocytes = CNS

Microglia = CNS

Ependymal cells = CNS

Schwann cells = PNS

Satellite cells = PNS

Which of the following is the largest and most numerous? A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Microglia D. Ependymal cells E. Satellite cells F. Schwann cells

A. Astrocytes Astrocytes: * largest and most numerous * controls ionic environment * assists in the migration of developing neurons * maintains blood-brain barrier

All of the following are true regarding astrocytes EXCEPT: A. Larges and most numerous B. Specialized immune cells derived from WBCs that act as macrophages of CNS C. Controls ionic environment D. Assists in the migration of developing neurons E. Maintains blood-brain barrier

B. Specialized immune cells derived from WBCs that act as macrophages of CNS Microglia: * specialized immune cells derived from WBCs that act as macrophages of CNS * clear unwanted cellular debris caused by CNS

All of the following are associated with the **CNS** EXCEPT: A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Schwann cells D. Microglia E. Ependymal cells

C. Schwann cells PNS = Schwann cells and Satellite cells

All of the following are associated with the CNS EXCEPT: A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Ependymal cells D. Microglia E. Satellite cells

E. Satellite cells PNS = Schwann cells and Satellite cells

Which of the following produce and maintain the insulating myelin sheaths that surround _many_ local neurons? A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Microglial cells D. Ependymal cells E. Satellite cells F. Schwann cells

B. Oligodendrocytes Oligodendrocytes: myelinate **many** local neurons in CNS Schwann cells = can myelinate a **single** neuron in the PNS

Which of the following myelinate a portion of a _single_ axon? A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Microglial cells D. Ependymal cells E. Satellite cells F. Schwann cells

F. Schwann cells Oligodendrocytes: myelinate **many** local neurons in CNS Schwann cells = can myelinate a **single** neuron in the PNS

Which of the following are specialized immune cells derived from WBC that act as the macrophages of the CNS? A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Microglial cells D. Ependymal cells E. Satellite cells F. Schwann cells

C. Microglial cells

Which of the following form the lining of fluid-filled ventricles of the CNS? A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Microglial cells D. Ependymal cells E. Satellite cells F. Schwann cells

D. Ependymal cells note: ependymal cells are kind of like epithelial cells... they line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain **Ependymal cells:** * Cuboidal/Columnar cells. **Source of cerebrospinal fluid** within ventricles of brain * Circulates CSF, often by ciliary movement * no basement membrane

Which of the following is the source of CSF within the ventricles of the brain? A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Microglial cells D. Ependymal cells E. Satellite cells F. Schwann cells

D. Ependymal cells

Which of the following is associated to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Microglial cells D. Ependymal cells E. Satellite cells F. Schwann cells

D. Ependymal cells Ependymal cells = CSF

Which of the following are small cells that surround neuronal cells in the ganglia outside of the CNS? A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Microglial cells D. Ependymal cells E. Satellite cells F. Schwann cells

E. Satellite cells

Which of the following provide structural and metabolic support for neurons outside of the CNS? A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Microglial cells D. Ependymal cells E. Satellite cells F. Schwann cells

E. Satellite cells

Which of the following myelinate a portion of a single axon in the PNS? A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Microglial cells D. Ependymal cells E. Satellite cells F. Schwann cells

F. Schwann cells

Which of the following has the fastest rate of AP conduction? A. an unmyelinated axon with a large diameter B. a myelinated axon with a small diameter C. an unmyelinated axon with a small diameter D. a myelinated axon with a large diameter E. all of the above would exhibit the same rate of AP conduction

D. a myelinated axon with a large diameter

Soma or celly bodies located in the **CNS** are called \_\_\_\_\_\_. A. Nuclei B. Ganglia

A. Nuclei

Soma or celly bodies located in the **PNS** are called \_\_\_\_\_\_. A. Nuclei B. Ganglia

B. Ganglia Nuclei = CNS Ganglia = PNS

Discuss Meninges: three layers of supporting tissue (DCCTRA): * Dura Mater * Arachnoid * Pia Mater

**_Dura Mater:_** * Dense CT continuous w/ periosteum * Simple squamous epithelium along internal surface **_Arachnoid:_** * Trabeculae attach to pia mater and create subarachnoid space * Hydraulic cushioning * CT with no blood v. **_Pia Mater:_** * Loose/Dense CT (collagen, elastic fibers, fibroblasts) w/ many blood vessels * Neuroglial process separate pia mater from neural components, which glial cell does this? * astrocytes

Which of the following is dense CT continuous w/ periosteum? A. Dura Mater B. Arachnoid C. Pia Mater D. All of the above

A. Dura Mater Dura Mater: * Dense Ct continuous w/ periosteum * simple squamous epithelium along internal surface

Which of the following is Loose/Dense CT (collagen, elastic fibers, fibroblasts) w/ many blood vessels? A. Dura Mater B. Arachnoid C. Pia Mater D. All of the above

C. Pia Mater

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ separate pia mater from neural components.

Neuroglial processes

Neuroglial processes separate pia mater from neural components. Which glial cell does this?

Astrocytes

Which of the following is CT with no blood v. that acts as a Hydraulic cushioning? A. Dura Mater B. Arachnoid C. Pia Mater D. All of the above

B. Arachnoid

(T/F) The brain and spinal cord have a lot of CT and are gel-like.

False The brain and spinal cord have very little CT and are gel-like

Discuss each of the following: * Gray Mater * White Mater

Gray Mater = nerve cell bodies White Mater = myelinated axons associated neuroglial cells (oligodendrocytes)

Discuss the Cerebellum: * Cortex * Medulla

Cerebellum: **Cortex** that contains outer molecular layer and inner granular layer interposed with Purkinje cells **Medulla** of white matter and glial cells

Discuss the Spinal Cord: * Extends from ______ into \_\_\_\_\_\_ * Terminates between _____ and \_\_\_\_\_ * Functions: * What is Peripheral White Matter composed of? * What is Central Gray Matter composed of?

Spinal Cord * Extends from **base of skull** into **vertebral canal** * Terminates between 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae (**L1/L2**) * **Functions:** * Center for thousands of **reflex arcs** * Provides for communication between brain and periphery of body * What is **Peripheral White Matter** composed of? * Large multipolar myelinated axons * What is **Central Gray Matter** composed of? * Non-myelinated cell bodies, dendrites and non-myelinated axons (soma primarily)

Which of the following contain myelination? A. White matter B. Gray matter

A. White matter

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is composed of all of the following EXCEPT: A. Nuclei B. Nerve fibers C. Nerves D. Ganglia

A. Nuclei Nuclei = CNS **_PNS:_** * **Nerve fibers**: individual nerve cells (axons) * **Nerves**: bundles of nerve fibers (axons) * **Ganglia**: swellings associated w/ nerves; location of neuron cell bodies

Discuss each of the following in regards to the PNS: * Nerve fibers * Nerves * Ganglia

**_PNS_** **Nerve fibers**: individual nerve cells (axons) **Nerves**: bundles of nerve fibers (axons) **Ganglia**: swelling associated w/ nerves; location of neuron cell bodies

(T/F) The nervous system is composed of 31 pairs of cranial nerves oand 12 pairs of spinal nerves.

False The nervous system is composed of 12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves.

Nervous Histology (REYNOLDS) Flashcards

(54 cards)