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Nervous System Embryology (REYNOLDS) Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following innervates the skin and most skeletal muscles?

A. Somatic nervous system

B. Visceral nervous system

A

A. Somatic nervous system

Visceral (autonomic) nervous system:

  • innervates the viscera and smooth mucles and glands
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
  • both divisions consist of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers
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2
Q

Which of the following is associated in the formation of the neural tube?

A. Thickening of neural plate

B. Elongation of neural plate

C. Lateral folding

D. Fusion of opposing neural folds and separation from overlying ectoderm

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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3
Q

In the formation of the neural tube, Lateral folding includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Neural crest cells

B. Neural groove

C. Median hinge point

D. Lateral hinge points

E. All of the above

A

A. Neural crest cells

Fusion of opposing neural folds and separation from overlying ectoderm = neural crest cells

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4
Q

Which of the following is involved in the fusion of opposing neural folds and separation from overlying ectoderm?

A. Median hinge point

B. Neural groove

C. Neural crest cells

D. Lateral hinge points

E. All of the above

A

C. Neural crest cells

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5
Q

Molecular signals for brain development are initiated at the neural plate. BMPs establish motor regions and SHH establishes sensory regions.

A. First statement is true, second is false

B. First statement is false, second is true

C. Both statements are true

D. Both statements are false

A

A. First statement is true, second is false

Correct statement: Molecular signals for brain development are initiated at the neural plate. BMPs establish sensory regions and SHH establishes motor regions.

BMPs = sensory region

SHH = motor region

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6
Q

At what week does the brain split into the three segments: Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon and Rhombencephalon?

A. Week 1

B. Week 2

C. Week 3

D. Week 4

E. Week 5

A

D. Week 4

Week 4 = 3 brain segments (prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon)

Week 5 = 5 brain segments (Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencecphalon, Myelencephalon

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7
Q

All of the following are brain segments that arise at week 4 EXCEPT:

A. Prosencephalon

B. Metencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Rhombencephalon

A

B. Metencephalon

Week 4 = Procephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

Week 5 = Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

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8
Q

List the 5 brain segments at week 5 in order from cranial to caudal:

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myelencephalon
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9
Q

What are the 3 brain segments that arise in the 4th week?

A
  1. Prosencephalon
  2. Mesencephalon
  3. Rhombencephalon
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10
Q

What are the 5 brain segments that arise in the 5th week in order from cranial to caudal?

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myelencephalon
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11
Q

The Prosencephalon divides into all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Telencephalon

B. Metencephalon

C. Diencephalon

D. Prosencephalon divides into all of the above

A

B. Metencephalon

Prosencephalon = Telecephalon and Diencephalon

Rhombencephalon = Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

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12
Q

The Rhombencephalon divides into all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Mesencephalon

B. Metencephalon

C. Myelencephalon

D. Rhombencephalon divides into all of the above

A

A. Mesencephalon

Prosencephalon = Telecephalon and Diencephalon

Rhombencephalon = Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

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13
Q

All of the following Flexures can be found in the 4th EXCEPT:

A. Cephalic

B. Pontine

C. Cervical

D. All fo the above are flexures found in the 4th week

A

B. Pontine

4th week:

  • 3 brain segments (prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon)
  • 2 flexures (cephalic and cervical)

5th week:

  • 5 brain segments (telecephalon, diacephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon and myelencephalon)
  • 3 flexures (cephalic, cervical and pontine)
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14
Q

Which of the following flexures is located in the mesencephalon?

A. Cephalic

B. Cervical

C. Pontine

D. All of the above

A

A. Cephalic

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15
Q

Which of the following flexures is located in between the Diacephalon and Metencephalon?

A. Cephalic

B. Cervical

C. Pontine

D. All of the above

A

A. Cephalic

Note: the segment in between diacephalon and metecephalon is the mesencephalon

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16
Q

Which of the following flexures is located in between the Metencephalon and Myelencephalon?

A. Cephalic

B. Cervical

C. Pontine

D. All of the above

A

C. Pontine

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17
Q

Which of the following flexures is located in between the Myelencephalon and Spinal cord?

A. Cephalic

B. Cervical

C. Pontine

D. All of the above

A

B. Cervical

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18
Q

Which of the following is referred to as the Hindbrain?

A. Prosencephalon

B. Mesencephalon

C. Metencephalon

D. Rhombencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

D. Rhombencephalon

Forebrain = Prosencephalon

Midbrain = Mesencephalon

Hindbrain = Rhombencephalon

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19
Q

Which of the following is referred to as the Forebrain?

A. Prosencephalon

B. Mesencephalon

C. Metencephalon

D. Rhombencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

A. Prosencephalon

Forebrain = Prosencephalon

Midbrain = Mesencephalon

Hindbrain = Rhombencephalon

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20
Q

Which of the following is referred to as the Midbrain?

A. Prosencephalon

B. Mesencephalon

C. Metencephalon

D. Rhombencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

B. Mesencephalon

Forebrain = Prosencephalon

Midbrain = Mesencephalon

Hindbrain = Rhombencephalon

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21
Q

Differentiation of ______ is regulated by HOX genes.

A

Rhombomeres (hindbrain)

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22
Q

(T/F)

The neural canal within each of the segments of the brain expands to form a primitive ventricle.

A

True

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23
Q

Discuss Neurite Outgrowth:

A

Neurite Outgrowth

  • Axons and dendrites
  • Growth cones
    • numerous filopodia
  • Filopodia regularly extend and retract, testing local environment

note: these are kind of like fingers that reah out and develops connections for the nervous sys via chemoattraction and contactraction

Growth cone is like the hand

Filopodia are like the fingers

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24
Q

The brain stem is made up of all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Myelencephalon

B. Pons

C. Cerebellum

D. Mesencephalon

E. All of the above make up the brain stem

A

C. Cerebellum

Brain can be divided into two parts:

  1. Brain stem
  • similar in organization to spinal cord
  • Made up of myelencephalon, pons (derivative of metencephalon), and mesencephalon
  1. Higher centers
  • Specialized, organization unlike the spinal cord
  • Consists of cerebellum (derived from metencephalon) and forebrain
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25
The brain stem is made up of all of the following EXCEPT: A. Myelencephalon B. Forebrain C. Pons D. Mesencephalon E. All of the above make up the brain stem
B. Forebrain Brain stem: * similar organization to spinal cord * made up of **myelencephalon, pons (derivative of metencephalon) and mesencephalon** Higher centers: * Not similar to spinal cord organization * consists of **cerebellum** and **forebrain**
26
Which of the following develops into the **cerebrum**? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Myelencephalon
A. Telencephalon
27
Which of the following develops into the **medulla oblongata**? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Myelencephalon
E. Myelencephalon
28
Which of the following develops into the **cerebellum**? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Myelencephalon
D. Metencephalon Telencephalon = cerebrum Metencephalon = cerebellum Myelencephalon = medulla oblongata
29
Which of the following develops into **pons**? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Myelencephalon
D. Metencephalon Metencephalon = pons and cerebellum
30
Which of the following develops into **auditory colliculi**? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Myelencephalon
C. Mesencephalon Telencephalon = cerebrum Mesencephalon = auditory colliculi Metencephalon = pons and cerebellum Myelencephalon = medulla oblongata
31
All of the following are derived from the Diencephalon EXCEPT: A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Pineal body D. Pituitary gland E. Ears
E. Ears Diencephalon = Eyes
32
Which of the following is derived from the **Diencephalon**? A. Cerebrum B. Cerebellum C. Eyes D. Pons E. Medulla oblongata
C. Eyes Telencephalon = cerebrum Diencephalon = thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, pituitary gland, eyes Mesencephalon = auditory colliculi Metencephalon = pons and cerebellum Myelencephalon = medulla oblongata
33
Which of the following is the **cerebellum** derived from? A. Mesencephalon B. Metencephalon C. Myelencephalon D. Telecephalon
B. Metencephalon Metencephalon = cerebellum Telencephalon = cerebrum
34
35
Which of the following develops into the anterior (visual) colliculi? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Myelencephalon
C. Mesencephalon Diencephalon = eyes Mesencephalon = anterior (visual) and posterior (auditory) colliculi
36
Which of the following is associated with the **Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)**? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Myelencephalon
C. Mesencephalon
37
Which of the following is associated with the **cerebral hemispheres (lateral ventricles)**? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Myelencephalon
A. Telencephalon
38
Which of the following is associated with the **3rd ventricle**? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Myelencephalon
B. Diencephalon Diencephalon = 3rd ventricle Telencephalon = lateral ventricles
39
Which of the following is associated with the **lateral ventricles**? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Myelencephalon
A. Telencephalon
40
Which of the following forms the **pineal gland**? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Myelencephalon
B. Diencephalon note: the pineal gland secretes melatonin note: the pineal gland forms from a midline diverticulum of the epithalamic roof plate
41
Which of the following forms the **pituitary gland**? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Myelencephalon
B. Diencephalon
42
Which of the following forms the thalamus and hypothalamus? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Myelencephalon
B. Diencephalon
43
Discuss the development of the Pituitary Gland:
Development of the Pituitary Gland: * The **Infundibulum** develops from the floor of the 3rd ventricle * Distal portion forms **neurohypophysis** (posterior pituitary) * **Rathke's pouch** forms from an ectoderm lined space near thee future mouth opening * Differentiates to form the **adenohypophysis** (forms anterior pituitary and pars intermedia)
44
During the development of the pituitary gland, which of the following develops into the **neurohypophysis**? A. Infundibulum B. Rathke's pouch
A. Infundibulum Infundibulum = neurohypophysis = posterior pituitary Rathke's pouch = adenohypophysis = anterior pituitary
45
During the development of the pituitary gland, which of the following develops into the **adenohypophysis**? A. Infundibulum B. Rathke's pouch
B. Rathke's pouch Infundibulum = neurohypophysis = posterior pituitary Rathke's pouch = adenohypophysis = anterior pituitary
46
Which of the following develops into the **anterior pituitary**? A. Neurohypophysis B. Adenohypophysis
B. Adenohypophysis Anterior pituitary = adenohypophysis Posterior pituitary = neurohypophysis
47
Which of the following develops into the **Posterior pituitary**? A. Neurohypophysis B. Adenohypophysis
A. Neurohypophysis Infundibulum = neurohypophysis = posterior pituitary Rathke's pouch = adenohypophysis = anterior pituitary
48
Discuss the Mesencephalon: * Largely made up of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. * What does it connect the forebrain to? * Discuss hydrocephalus in regards to cerebral aqueduct:
Mesencephalon * Largely made up of **white matter** * Forms tracts connecting the forebrain with the hindbrain and spinal cord * **Cerebral aqueduct (central canal)** * **Hydrocephalus:** * the cerebral aqueduct allows CSF to flow from the forebrain to the 4th ventricle * Hydrocephalus (water on the brain) results if cerebral aqueduct becomes blocked * 3rd plus lateral ventricles swollen * Thin cerebral cortex * Sutures of skull forced apart allowing the bones to increase in size
49
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is largely made up of **white matter**, specifically tracts connecting the forebrain with the hindbrain and spinal cord. A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Myelencephalon
C. Mesencephalon
50
Discuss Hydrocephalus (water on the brain): * What causes hydrocephalus? * How is hydrocephalus treated?
Hydrocephalus (water on the brain): * Hydrocephalus results if the cerebral aqueduct (of the mesencephalon) becomes blocked * Medical devices known as VP and VA **shunts** relieves accumulation of CSF.
51
Which of the following functions to relay signals **linking the spinal cord and cerebral cortex with the cerebellum**? A. Medulla oblongata B. Pons C. Thalamus D. Hypothalamus E. Cerebellum
B. Pons
52
\_\_\_\_\_\_ forms from alar plates of the **metencephalon** and functions as a **center for balance and posture**. A. Medulla oblongata B. Pons C. Cerebrum D. Hypothalamus E. Cerebellum
E. Cerebellum
53
Which of the following forms from the myelencephalon and functions as a relay center between the spinal cord and higher brain centers? A. Medulla oblongata B. Pons C. Cerebrum D. Hypothalamus E. Cerebellum
A. Medulla oblongata Medulla oblongata = relay center between spinal cord and higher brain centers Pons = relays signals linking the spinal cord and cerebral corex w/ the cerebellum
54
Which of the following functions as a center for balance and posture? A. Medulla oblongata B. Pons C. Cerebrum D. Hypothalamus E. Cerebellum
E. Cerebellum
55
Which of the following regulates **respiration**, **hearbeat**, and **reflex** movements? A. Medulla oblongata B. Pons C. Cerebrum D. Hypothalamus E. Cerebellum
A. Medulla oblongata Cerebellum = balance and posture Medulla oblongata = regulates respiration, heartbeat and reflex movement
56
Discuss peripheral nerves:
Peripheral nerves: 1. Outgrowth of axons from motor neuroblasts (neuroepithelium) in the basal plate 2. Neural Crest Cells (NCCs) form spinal ganglion (sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglion) * Growth of dendrites toward periphery * Growth of axons toward dorsal horn 3. Interneurons form between sensory neuron termination and motor neurons 4. Reflex arc is formed: * sensory information ---\> motor response
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ form all of the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia.
Neural Crest Cells (NCCs)
58
Discuss Hirschsprung's Disease:
**_Hirschsprung's Disease_** Symptoms: complete constipation in newborns Cause: lack of colonization of NCCs in wall of lower colon (parasympathetic) Result: lack of parasympathetic innervation, no peristalsis
59
60
(T/F) Neurite outgrowth occurs in the CNS but does not occur in the PNS.
False note: neurite outgrowth occurs in both CNS and PNS
61
(T/F) Axon outgrowth occurs in the PNS but does not occur in the CNS.
True Neurite outgrowth = CNS and PNS Axon outgrowth = PNS only
62
Discuss Axon outgrowth:
Axon Outgrowth * Pioneering axon (filopodia that reaches out first) * precedes the other in growing toward the target * Other axons follow * Forms bundles of axons (**fascicles**) * fasciculation
63
All fascicles of a nerve are enclosed by a _____ (loose collagenous CT). A. Endoneurium B. Perineurium C. Epineurium D. All of the above
C. Epineurium
64
Bundles of axons that form during axon outgrowth are known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Fascicles Fascicles = bundles of axons
65
Each axon is surrounded by _____ (loose vascular tissue). A. Endoneurium B. Perineurium C. Epineurium D. All of the above
A. Endoneurium
66
Group of fibers are bound together into bundles (fascicles) by a ______ (robust and collagenous). A. Endoneurium B. Perineurium C. Epineurium D. All of the above
B. Perineurium
67
Discuss each of the following: * Endoneurium * Perineurium * Epineurium
Axons are surrounded by **endoneurium** Bundles of axons (Fascicles) are bound together by **perineurium** All fascicles of a nerve are enclosed by a **epineurium**
68
Discuss the stabilization of the PNS:
* Interaction between neuron and target structure influence connection type and number * Apoptosis * Eliminates axons that fail to reach normal target * Reduces size of neuronal pool to match target or presynaptic input * Eliminates connection errors note: left handed or right handed is determined in utero
69
Discuss Neural Crest Cells (NCCs): * NCCs originate from \_\_\_\_\_\_. * Discuss the migration of NCCs: * Discuss the Differentiation of NCCs:
**_Neural Crest Cells (NCCs)_** * NCCs originate from **lateral margins of neural plate** * Migrate as mesenchymal cells; SEM * change shape (EMT) * **Lose CAMs** (cell adhesion molecules) * **Gain integrins** (matrix adhesion molecules) * Travel through well-defined pathways * CAMs often re-expressed at destination * Differentiation * equal developmental potential ---\> differentiation determined by environment * Preprogrammed before migration ---\> differentiation determined by internal factors * Both of the abnove are true
70
Discuss the 3 main divisions of Neural Crest: 1. Cranial NCC 2. Circumpharyngeal NCC 3. Trunk NCC
**_1. Cranial NCC_** * cranial NCCs leave before closure of NT * Origin specifies destination (unlike trunk NCC) * Responsible for tissues of the **facial region** **_2. Circumpharyngeal NCC_** * Vagal crest cells * migrate into developing gut * precursors to parasympathetic innervation * Cardiac crest cells * outflow tract of the heart and great vessels * associated with thymus, thyroid and parathyroid **_3. Trunk NCC_** * Trunk NCCs leave **after** NT closes * sixth somite ---\> caudal * Three main pathways * Dorsolateral = melanocytes * Ventrolateral = sensory ganglia * Ventral = sympathoadrenal (adrenal chromaffin cells, sympathetic ganglia, sympathetic neurons)
71
Discuss the cranial division of NCCs:
**_Cranial NCCs_** * cranial NCCs leave **before** closure of NT * Origin specifies destination (unlike trunk NCC) * Responsible for tissues of the facial region
72
Discuss circumpharyngeal NCCs:
**_Circumpharyngeal NCC_** * **Vagal crest cells** * migrate into developing gut * precursors to parasympathetic innervation * **Cardiac crest cells** * outflow tract of the heart and great vessels * associated with thymus, thyroid and parathyroid
73
Discuss the Trunk division of NCCs:
**_Trunk NCC_** * Trunk NCCs leave **after** NT closes * sixth somite ---\> caudal Three main pathways: 1. Dorsolateral = melanocytes 2. Ventrolateral = sensory ganglia 3. Ventral = sympathoadrenal (adrenal chromaffin cells, sympathetic ganglia, sympathetic neurons)
74
Discuss Neurocristopathies:
Neurocristopathies * Defects of neural crest cell development * Neurofibromatosis (peripheral nerve tumors) * Charcot-Marie-Tooth (demyelinating disease) * Albinism (pigmentation defect) * Hirschsprung disease (absence of innervation to the terminal part of the colon) (megacolon) * DiGeorge Syndrome (affect development of craniofacial and cardiovascular system)
75

Nervous System (7 decks)

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