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biology gcse > co-ordination and response > Flashcards

co-ordination and response Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

two systems that control the actions of organisms and allow them to respond

A

hormonal and nervous system

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2
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment

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3
Q

homeostasis eg

A

body water content and temperature

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4
Q

what do the brain and spinal cord make up

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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5
Q

Hormonal system

A

Hormones secreted by endocrine glands

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6
Q

What is the CNS linked to by what

A

Linked to sense organs by nerves

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7
Q

How does the nervous system work

A

Detects stimuli, which lead to responses by making muscles contract or glands release substances

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8
Q

What does a co-ordinated response require

A

A stimulus, receptor and effector

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9
Q

Co-ordinated response eg

A

Stimulus:light, receptor: retina, response:ability to see

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10
Q

How does the CNS work

A

The stimulation of receptors in the sense organs send electrical impulses along nerves into and out of the central nervous system, resulting in rapid responses by making

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11
Q

Stimulus

A

A change in the external or internal environment

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12
Q

Receptor

A

Detects the change and generates a nerve impulse which passes along the sensory neurone into the CNS

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13
Q

Coordinator

A

Relay neurones take the impulse through the spine/brain, passing it on to the correct motor neurone

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14
Q

Effector

A

A motor neurone takes the impulse out of the CNS to the correct effector organ (muscles, glands)

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15
Q

Response

A

A reaction happens eg. muscle contraction or gland secretion

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16
Q

Reflex actions are:

A

Rapid, Automatic (don’t require conscious thought) , Protective (evolved to protect our bodies)

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17
Q

Reflex actions

A

Route a nerve impulse travels in a reflex response

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18
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Have a sensory organ at one end

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19
Q

Relay neurons

A

Pass the nerve impulse from one neuron to another

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20
Q

Motor neurons

A

Can cause movement (because muscles contract) or glands produce eg. hormones

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21
Q

Synapses

A

Gap between 2 neurones

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22
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that cross the synapses, generate a nerve impulse in the neighbouring neurone. Specific and complementary to the receptor

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23
Q

How synapses work

A
  1. Nerve impulse arrives from axon of first neurone
  2. Vesicle with neurotransmitter fuses with membrane
  3. Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic gap
  4. Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors on membrane of second neurone
  5. Impulse started in second neurone
  6. Neurotransmitter is broken down by enzymes
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24
Q

Senses

A

Allow us to take in information in the form of a stimulus, which is detected by a receptor

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25
Sclera
A white layer that surrounds the eye, protects the eye from injury
26
Chloroid layer
Prevents the reflection of light rays inside the eyeball and contains blood vessels to provide retina with oxygen and glucose
27
Retina
Layers of light sensitive cells (tissue) at the back of the eye that sends signals to the brain so that you can see
28
Cornea
Direct light rays into the eye and helps focus them on the light sensitive rat at the back of the eye, providing sharp, clear vision
29
Conjunctiva
Thin, transparent protective outer covering that lubricates the eye and prevents entry of microorganisms.
30
Iris
The coloured part of the eye which surrounds the pupil. Regulates the amount of light that enters the eye.
31
Pupil
The portal which allows a regulate the flow of light to the retina
32
Fovea
Responsible for sharp central vision
33
Blind spot
Where the optic nerve leaves the retina so that the receptor cells. Like that goes to the point doesn’t form an image
34
Optic nerve
Translate sensory information in electrical impulses to the brain
35
Lens
Focuses and directs light onto the retina
36
Suspensory ligaments
A series of fibres that connect the ciliary body of the eye with the lens, holding it in place
37
Ciliary muscle
Changes the shape of the lens of the eyeball and contains to focus on objects at different distances
38
Eye for long distance
The ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments pull tight, lens pulls thin, light doesn’t bend as much
39
Eye for short distance
Ciliary muscles contract, lens fattens, light bends more
40
Eye in bright light
Circular muscles contract, radial muscles relax, pupils constricted
41
Eye in dim light
Radial muscles contract, circular muscles relax, pupils dilated
42
Receptors (transducers)
They all convert the stimulus energy into the electrical energy of a nerve impulse
43
Things that have to be kept the same in our body
-pH -temperature -water potential -blood glucose
44
Negative feedback
A change in the body is detected and brings about events that return conditions to normal
45
Blood vessels when you’re too hot
The ones supplying the skin Dilate (vasodilation) so more blood flows closer to the surface. More heat is lost by radiation, which cools you down
46
Blood vessels when your too cold
The ones supplying the skin constrict (vasoconstriction), less blood flows so less heat is lost by radiation, stops you getting cold.
47
Sweat gland when you’re too hot
More sweat, more heat lost by evaporation
48
Sweat glands when you’re too cold
Less sweat, less evaporation so less energy in transferred from the body to the surroundings
49
Skeletal muscles when you’re too hot
No shivering/ spontaneous contractions
50
Skeletal muscles when you’re too cold
Shivering releases heat as muscles respire at a higher rate
51
Erector pili muscles when you’re too hot
Relax so hairs lie flat
52
Erector pili muscles when you’re too cold
Contract so trap a layer of air that insulates the body
53
phototropism
plant response to light
54
geotropism
plant response to gravity
55
hydrotropism
plant response to water
56
eg. plant growing towards light
positive phototropism
57
positive tropic response
if the response is towards the stimulus
58
negative tropic response
if the growth is away from the stimulus
59
shoots show
positive phototropism, negative geotropic
60
roots show
negative phototropism, positive geotropism
61
benefit of phototropism
allows plants to absorb light for photosynthesis
62
benefit of geotropism
for roots to be able to find sources of water and minerals (eg. nitrates), and to anchor themselves in the ground
63
coleoptile
protective sheath that covers the first leaves of a seedling
64
how do plants detect light
the stimulus of unidirectional light is detected by the tip of the coleoptile, and transmitted to a growth zone behind the tip
65
plant hormones (growth substances)
auxins
66
why are auxins not technically hormones
don’t travel through blood
67
what do auxins do in shoots
promote growth
68
auxins in phototropism
-accumulate on the shady side of the root -stimulate growth on the shady side so the shoot grows towards the light
69
auxins in roots
inhibit/slow down growth
70
auxin affect on shoots in geotropism
accelerates cell elongation
71
auxin affect on roots in geotropism
retards cell elongation
72
why are roots negatively phototropic
-auxins accumulate on the lower side of the root -slows/inhibits growth on that side -root grows downwards
73
what can be used to rotate a plant to remove gravity
clinostat
74
where is insulin produced
pancreas
75
insulin role
controls the blood sugar level
76
insulin effects
stimulates the liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage
77
adrenaline role
readies the body for a ‘fight or flight’ response
78
adrenaline effects
increases heart rate, blood flow to muscles and blood sugar level

biology gcse (6 decks)

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