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biology gcse > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Where are the female gametes produced

A

The ovaries

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2
Q

How many chromosomes in a human gamete

A

23

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3
Q

What day of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur

A

Day 14

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4
Q

What triggers a surge of LH in the menstrual cycle

A

High levels of oestrogen

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5
Q

Role of oestrogen

A

-build up the lining of the uterus
-inhibits FSH
-stimulates LH production

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6
Q

Where is progesterone produced

A

Corpus luteum (ovary)

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7
Q

Role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle

A
  • maintains the lining of the uterus
  • inhibits the release of FSH and LH
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8
Q

Where does fertilisation occur

A

Oviduct

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9
Q

How many chromosomes in a zygote

A

46

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10
Q

Embryo

A

Multicellular structure formed by division of a zygote

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11
Q

Where is progesterone produced during pregnancy

A

Placenta

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12
Q

What does fertilisation involve

A

The fusion of a male and female gamete

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13
Q

Asexual reproduction is a form of reproduction that involves

A

One cell

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14
Q

The offspring of asexual reproduction of parent plants are

A

Genetically identical (clones)

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15
Q

Why could the offspring of a parent plant look different

A

If they are exposed to biotic or abiotic factors

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16
Q

How do plants reproduce sexually

A

Fertilisation- the fusion of a pollen grain and ovule gametes to produce a zygote that undergoes mitosis and develops into an embryo in the seed

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17
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilised egg

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18
Q

Mitosis

A

The division of the zygote to the embryo

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19
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • only needs one cell
  • no genetic variation (if the environment is stable)
  • faster
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20
Q

Disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

No genetic variation, population is vulnerable to diseases

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21
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Genetic variation

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22
Q

Disadvantage of sexual reproduction

A

Need to find a mate (eg. Egg and pollen), slower

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23
Q

Penis

A

Organ which passes semen and urine of the man’s body (not at the same time)

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24
Q

Bladder

A

Stores urine

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25
Sperm duct
Tube through which sperm travels on the way to the glands
26
Urethra
The tube inside the penis that carries the urine or semen
27
Glands
Produce fluids that provide the sperm with nutrients (mixture is semen)
28
Testis
Organs which make the the male gamete, sperm and testosterone
29
Foreskin
Skin that protects the end of the penis
30
Scrotum
A bag of skin that holds the testis
31
Ovary
Prouduces the female gamete, the egg (ovum)
32
Oviduct
A tube lined with tiny hairs called cilia, that connect the ovaries to the uterus
33
Uterus
A muscular bag in which a baby develops until its birth
34
Endometrium
Lining of uterus- shed during a menstrual period
35
Cervix
A ring of muscle at the neck of the uterus that closes the uterus until the baby is ready to be born
36
Vagina
A muscular bag that leads from the cervix to the outside of the woman’s body
37
Clitoris
The button-shaped bump above the urethra and vagina
38
Urethra (female)
Tube through which urine travels out of the body from the bladder
39
Vulva
The whole area between a female’s legs
40
Labia
The folds of soft skin that cover the openings to the vagina and urethra
41
What does the egg contribute towards the zygote that the sperm doesn’t
Mitochondria and ribosomes
42
How often does a woman ovulate
Every 28 days
43
What initiates puberty
Oestrogen
44
Where is FSH made
Pituitary gland
45
Function of FSH
- stimulates ovary to release oestrogen - stimulates the maturation of a follicle which contains an egg cell
46
Where is LH made
Pituitary gland
47
LH function
Stimulates follicle to burst and release the mature egg (ovulation)
48
Role of testosterone in development of male secondary sexual characteristics
Voice deepens, facial hair, sperm production
49
Role of testosterone and oestrogen in secondary sexual characteristics
Pubic and underarm hair, growth spurt, sex drive, body odour
50
Role of oestrogen in female secondary sexual characteristics
Periods start, hips widen, breasts develop
51
What does the embryo do after mitosis
Implants into the uterus wall and become the embryo and placenta
52
What does the amniotic membrane produce
Amniotic fluid
53
Amniotic fluid function
Protects the foetus from physical knocks and bumps, and prevents pathogens from reaching the embryo
54
How are oxygen and carbon dioxide passed to the foetus
Across the placenta by diffusion
55
What passes from the mum to the foetus
Nutrients, glucose, oxygen, antibodies
56
What passes from the foetus to the mum
Carbon dioxide and urine (waste products)
57
What do the antibodies passed to the fetus do
Give the fetus passive immunity
58
Why does a sperm cell need mitochondria
So it can do aerobic respiration and release energy, so the sperm cell can move to fertilise the egg cell
59
Why does a sperm cell need digestive enzymes
to fuse with the egg cell
60
Route of the sperm cell
Up from the vagina through the cervix and uterus to fertilise the egg in the oviduct
61
Oviduct function
Transport the ovum to the site of fertilisation and provide a suitable environment for the ovum, sperm and early embryo
62
petal function
attract pollinators
63
anther function
make pollen
64
filament function
hold up the anther
65
stigma function
where the pollen needs to go
66
ovary function
female part, contains ovule and ova
67
ovule function
where the ova (female gametes) are made
68
pollen
male gamete
69
nectary
makes nectar
70
sepal function
protects the flower
71
petal adaptation (insect)
large and brightly coloured
72
stigma adaptation (insect)
sticky so pollen sticks to it
73
pollen adaptations (insect)
hooks to stick to insects
74
nectary function (insect)
scented to attract insects
75
wind pollinated plants adaptations
-lots of pollen grains (can be easily carried by the wind) -long filaments (hang the anthers outside the flower so the pollen gets blown) -large and feathery stigma hanging outside (catches pollen)
76
germination
when water enters the seed and softens the testa, chemical reactions start and the embryo grows
77
testa
seed coat
78
when does germination end
when the shoot starts to photosynthesise
79
how does water enter the seed
through the micropyle (tiny hole) in the testa
80
why does a seed need water
to allow chemical reactions to start and activate the enzymes that break down the food reserves in the seed
81
where does the seed get glucose
from its own food store, which it will use until it can photosynthesise
82
83
why can’t a seed survive in boiled water
it doesn’t contain dissolved oxygen
84
why can’t a seed survive with a layer of oil
it stops the oxygen in the air dissolving in the water
85
Function of acrosome in a sperm cell
So it can break the cell membrane and the nuclei fuse with the egg cell during fertilisation

biology gcse (6 decks)

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