CO545 Mid Term

Question 1

According to a study, growing numbers of four-year colleges are not relying on the SAT test partly because of

Answer 1

diversity concerns

Question 2

Psychological tests

Answer 2

measure characteristics of human behavior.

Question 3

The specific stimulus on a test to which a person responds overtly is called a(n)

Answer 3

item.

Question 4

An individual test

Answer 4

can only be given to one person at a time.

Question 5

A group test

Answer 5

can be given to multiple people by one examiner.

Question 6

Previous learning can best be described as

Answer 6

achievement.

Question 7

The potential for learning a specific skill can best be described as

Answer 7

aptitude.

Question 8

One’s general potential, independent of prior learning, can best be described as

Answer 8

intelligence.

Question 9

Achievement, aptitude, and intelligence can be encompassed by the term.

Answer 9

human ability.

Question 10

Structured personality tests

Answer 10

require you to choose between two or more alternative responses.

Question 11

The main purpose of psychological testing is to evaluate

Answer 11

individual differences.

Question 12

Projective personality tests

Answer 12

are unstructured.

Question 13

Tests that measure an individual’s typical behavior are called

Answer 13

personality tests.

Question 14

Tests that provide a statement, usually of the self-report variety, and require the subject to choose between two or more alternative responses, are called

Answer 14

structured personality tests.

Question 15

Personality tests in which the test stimulus and/or required response are ambiguous are called

Answer 15

projective personality tests.

Question 16

Today, psychological testing

Answer 16

remains one of the most important yet controversial issues.

Question 17

Which individual developed tests to evaluate persons with emotional impairments?

Answer 17

Kraepelin

Question 18

Which of the following contributed to the popularity of standardized achievement tests?

Answer 18

Their objectivity and ease of administration and scoring.

Question 19

Which of the following is one criticism of early personality tests?

Answer 19

The responses may not be interpreted in the same way by the test administrator.

Question 20

Which of the following test makes no assumption about the meaning of test responses, but instead, relies on empirical research?

Answer 20

MMPI

Question 21

When you assert that it is improbable that the mean intelligence test score of a particular group is 100, you are using

Answer 21

inferential statistics.

Question 22

Statistical procedures that summarize and describe a series of observations are called

Answer 22

descriptive statistics.

Question 23

Statistical procedures that allow one to make inferences about large groups by examining a smaller sample are called

Answer 23

inferential statistics.

Question 24

Which of the following evaluates data against rigid statistical rules?

Answer 24

confirmatory data analysis

Question 25

Trial by judge and jury is to criminal investigation and prosecution as confirmatory data analysis is to

Answer 25

exploratory data analysis.

Question 26

Scales of measurement differ from one another in terms of

Answer 26

magnitude, absolute zero, and equal intervals.

Question 27

Which of the following scales has the properties of magnitude, absolute zero, and equal intervals?

Answer 27

ratio

Question 28

A scale that allows one to determine only if there is more, less, or equal amount of the attribute in comparison to another observation is called a(n) _____ scale.

Answer 28

ordinal

Question 29

A property of a scale that implies the complete absence of the measured attribute is called a(n)

Answer 29

absolute zero

Question 30

Many feel that the difference between an IQ of 100 and 105 is not the same as the difference between an IQ 70 and 75. These people feel that IQ tests lack ________.

Answer 30

equal intervals.

Question 31

Which of the following scales would be used when the information is qualitative rather than quantitative?

Answer 31

nominal

Question 32

When the relationship between the unit of measurement of a scale (strength) and an outcome (pounds lifted) can be described by a linear equation Y=a + bX, the scale is said to have what property?

Answer 32

equal intervals

Question 33

The speedometer on your car is an example of what kind of scale measurement?

Answer 33

ratio

Question 34

A scale that allows us to rank individuals or objects, but not to say anything about the meaning of the differences between the rank, is a(n)

Answer 34

ordinal scale.

Question 35

The Farenheit scale of temperature (32 F = freezing; 212 F = boiling) is best described as

Answer 35

interval

Question 36

In which scales can you make meaningful interpretation of an arithmetic operation such as addition?

Answer 36

ratio scale and interval scale

Question 37

Which type of scale simply ranks observations?

Answer 37

ordinal

Question 38

An equal interval is found in which of the following?

Answer 38

rulers

Question 39

What do the rules used in measurement do?

Answer 39

Transform the qualities of attributes into numbers.

Question 40

If a scale allows one to say whether a particular instance has more, less, or the same amount of an attribute as another instance, the scale is said to have

Answer 40

magnitude

Question 41

A scatter diagram is

Answer 41

a bivariate plot of individual data points.

Question 42

Each point on a scatter diagram represents

Answer 42

where an individual scored compared to the mean.

Question 43

Graphs that show pairs of individual values are called ____ plots

Answer 43

scatter

Question 44

What do scatter diagrams do?

Answer 44

Allow visualization of the relationship between two variables.

Question 45

If the line that comes closest to all points in a scatter diagram is perfectly straight, the correlation between the two variables is

Answer 45

linear.

Question 46

The observation that Y decreases as X increases suggest

Answer 46

a negative correlation

Question 47

In a negative correlation,

Answer 47

high scores on the X variable are associated with low scores on the Y variable.

Question 48

The correlation equals +1 for which of the following four pairs of numbers?

Answer 48

(2,4) (4,8) (0,0)(-2,-4)

Question 49

The correlation equals -1 for which of the following four pairs of numbers?

Answer 49

(4,3), (2, -1), (-2, -9), (3, 9)

Question 50

Correlation coefficients describe the

Answer 50

direction and magnitude of relationship between X and Y.

Question 51

People who drink caffeinated beverages tend to experience increased alertness and psychomotor activity. This demonstrates a(n)

Answer 51

positive correlation.

Question 52

Which of the following correlations represents the strongest relationship between two variables?

Answer 52

-.85

Question 53

Given the following ordered pairs, the correlation is (8,7) (7,6) (3,2) (1,2) (1,2)

Answer 53

positive

Question 54

If the scores on X gives us no information about the scores on Y, this indicates

Answer 54

no correlation

Question 55

Which of the following four pairs of numbers describes a nonlinear relation?

Answer 55

(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9)

Question 56

Which of the following four pairs of numbers describes a correlation that is very close to .0?

Answer 56

(4, -9), (2, -1), (-2, -2), (0, -5)

Question 57

Which of the following is true of correlations?

Answer 57

They describe the direction and magnitude of relationships between two variables.

Question 58

The best-fitting straight line through a set of points in a scatter diagram is known as the

Answer 58

regression line

Question 59

What is the point of least squares for the numbers 4,6,8, and 10?

Answer 59

7

Question 60

What is the point of least squares for the numbers 2,7,8, 11?

Answer 60

7

Question 61

When talking about errors in terms of psychological testing, we are referring to the fact that:

Answer 61

there is always some inaccuracy in the measurement.

Question 62

The basic theory of reliability was first worked out by

Answer 62

Charles Spearman

Question 63

The work of Charles Spearman combined what two measurement concepts?

Answer 63

sampling error and correlation

Question 64

Who developed methods for evaluating sources of error in behavioral research?

Answer 64

Cronbach

Question 65

According to classical test theory, errors of measurement are

Answer 65

random

Question 66

If we repeatedly administered the same test to the same individual, the standard deviation of the person's score would be the

Answer 66

standard error of measurement

Question 67

Because classic test theory assumes a person's true score is the same over time, repeating the same test over and over gives a distribution of scores that reflect what?

Answer 67

random error

Question 68

Classical test theory assumes that

Answer 68

errors are random

Question 69

Classical test theory assumes

Answer 69

the distribution of random errors is the same for every respondent.

Question 70

Theoretically, if Susie repeatedly took the 6th grade achievement test, you would be able to find her true score by finding the ____ of the distribution of her scores.

Answer 70

mean

Question 71

If you have three clocks in your house, and every clock is 10 minutes fast, this is an example of

Answer 71

systematic error

Question 72

We can get an idea of how much measurement error is present in a score through the

Answer 72

standard error of measurement

Question 73

What is Cronbach known for?

Answer 73

Developing measures to evaluate sources of error

Question 74

Which of the following is an important distincton between systematic errors and random errors?

Answer 74

Random errors are more likely than systematic errors to cause errors in conclusions.

Question 75

Assuming the “rubber yardstick” shrinks and expands at random, what can be said about the distribution of scores from the rubber yardstick?

Answer 75

It will be normal.

Question 76

What is Spearman known for?

Answer 76

Working out the basics of reliability theory

Question 77

Repeated use of the same test typically results in different scores. How does classical test theory account for this?

Answer 77

random error

Question 78

When creating a test, one generally uses a subset of items to represent a larger construct. This is known as

Answer 78

a domain sampling

Question 79

Theoretically, reliability is

Answer 79

the correlation of the observed test score with the true score.

Question 80

An observed score is composed of

Answer 80

the true score and the measurement error.

Question 81

How does the current edition of Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing conceptualize validity?

Answer 81

Validity is a unitary concept that represents all evidence

Question 82

As a result of the Griggs v. Duke Power decision, employers must provide evidence that a test used for employee selection or promotion has

Answer 82

specific meaning

Question 83

Evidence for validity should include what information about construct, criterion, and content validation?

Answer 83

all three need be presented in unified form

Question 84

Why does the current edition of Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing reject face validity?

Answer 84

FAce validity in not technically a type of validity.

Question 85

Which type of validity is most important for educational tests?

Answer 85

content

Question 86

Why is evidence for criterion-related validity gathered?

Answer 86

Tests serve as a substitude for the real measure of interest.

Question 87

Which of the following should be considered when evaluating evidence for validity?

Answer 87

Whether the cause of the relationship between the test and the criterion has changed since the test was validated.

Question 88

Which of the following is an important validation consideration in industrial settings?

Answer 88

attrition

Question 89

If the results obtained in a validity study are not specific to the validation population, what quality does the validation have?

Answer 89

generalizability

Question 90

Under what circumstances is construct validation essential?

Answer 90

when no criterion or universe of content is accepted as adequate to define the quality

Question 91

According to Campbell and Fiske, what types of evidence are required for a test to be meaningful?

Answer 91

convergent and divergent

Question 92

Which of the following is true of the relationship between reliability and validity?

Answer 92

It is possible to create a highly reliable test that lacks validity.

Question 93

The agreement between a test score and the construct it is presumed to measure is referred to as its

Answer 93

validity

Question 94

Validity referes to

Answer 94

the agreement between a test score and the quality it is believed to measure.

Question 95

Face validity is

Answer 95

not really a form of validity because it offers no evidence to support conclusions/

Question 96

Which of the following was not one of the major categories recognized in the booklet on Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing?

Answer 96

convergent validity

Question 97

Concurrent and predictive validity are both subcategories of

Answer 97

criterion validity

Question 98

Which type of validity is unique because it is not statistically-based?

Answer 98

construct

Question 99

Asking patients where their injured back hurts illustrates ____ validity.

Answer 99

face

Question 100

When Ms. Anderson applied for an administrative assistant job in a factory, she was given a test that examined her typing ability, political affiliation, and filing ability. This test clearly violates what kind of validity?

Answer 100

content