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GLE 2024 (Day 3) > COAL > Flashcards

COAL Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Coal

A

?C135H96O9NS
?Altered remains of lush vegetations
?5-350Ma

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2
Q

Maceral

A

?Carbonaceous materials evolved from Botanical Components of the Initial Vegetative Debris during Coalification

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3
Q

Humic Coals

A

?In situ formed
?Woody Plant Material

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4
Q

Sapropelic

A

?Transported or deposited from suspension
?Algae, Spores and Comminuted (pinaghiwahiwalay) na plant debris

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5
Q

Wetland

A

?An Area partially or Fully sumberhed in water most or all of the year

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6
Q

Water in Swamp must be

A

?Stagnant and Acidic

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7
Q

How do peat beds form?

A

?As plant materials dies, and fell to the bottom of the swamp, it partially decayed by bacteria forming thick peat beds which is buried by thousand of feet of sediments to be converted to Coal

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8
Q

Swamps

A

?Wetland in which dominant plants are woody trees
?Primary producer of peat that becomes Coal

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9
Q

Brackishwater

A

Intermediate Salinity between Freshwater and Seawater

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10
Q

Coal Depositional Environments

A

1) Back barrier
2) Delta Plain
3) Fluvial

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11
Q

Marshes

A

?Around, streams, or ocean where grasses and reeds are common. NO trees.

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12
Q

Bogs

A

wetland of enclosed depression filled by rain water
Mosses dominated
Acidic

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13
Q

Fens

A

Wetland fed by steady source of groundwater

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14
Q

Process of Converting Peat to Coal

A

Coalification

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15
Q

Coal Classification is based on?

A

Quality and Rank

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16
Q

In sequence Coal Ranks

A

Peat
Lignite
Subbit
Bit
Anthracite

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17
Q

Temp at which coalification starts at?

A

100 dec C

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18
Q

What volatiles are driven off during such process?

A

Oxygen, Hydrogen and Water

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19
Q

What happens to organic matter during coalification?

A

It becomes enriched in Fixed Carbon

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20
Q

Phases of Coal Formation

A

Peat Formation - Bacteria Decay
Phase 1: Aerobic Decay (w/ oxy)
Phase 2: Anaerobic Decay (w/ oxy)
Phase 3: Coalification @ 3K ft

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21
Q

Geological Phases of Coal Fomation

A

1) Microbial Stage
2) Biochemical Stage
3) Geochemical Stage

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22
Q

Macerals

A

2microns - several cm iin diameter
Non cyrstalline

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23
Q

Coal Petrography

A

Systematic, microscopic study and qauntification of the proportion and characteristics of coal constituents

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24
Q

Reflectance

A

The proportion of direct incident light that is reflected from a plane polished surface under specified conditions of illumination

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25
Maceral Groups (very small individual components)
Origin
26
1. Vitrinite
Wood
27
2. Inertinite
Burnt, oxidized, degraded
28
2.1 Fusinite
Woody Tissues
29
2.1 Sclerotinite
Fungi
30
2.2 Micrinite
Polymerized Resin
31
3. Liptinite
Spores, Cuticles and resins
32
3.1 Sporinite
Spores
33
3.2 Cutinite
Cuticle
34
3.3. Resinite
Resin
35
3.4 Alganite
Algae
36
Lithotypes (Hand Specimen)
Microlithotypes (Microscopic)
37
Vitrain
Vitrite
38
Fusain
Fusite
39
Durain
Durite
40
Clarain
Clarite
41
Volatile Matter
components that are driven off as gases or vapors (Except moisture) at high temp in the absence of air (H, O, CO, Methane, and other HCs)
42
Fixed Carbon
Solid combustible residue that remains after coal particles is heated and the volatile matters is expelled
43
Calorific Value
potential for energy production of coal Heat Valu
44
As received basis (ar)
"as sample"; data are expressed as percentages of Coal including total moisture content
45
Air-dried basis (adb)
data expressed when coal was air dried and includes inherent moisture
46
Dry basis (dry)
Moisture is not included in data
47
Dry-ash Free (daf)
coal is considered to be consist of volatile matter and fixed carbon when mositure and ash is removed
48
Ash
?unburnable part of coal ?often sand and clay blown into swamps or brought by river or tides
49
Trace Elements
?Sodium - causes ash to repcipitate on the Boilers ?Sulfur - released as SO2 when burning coals which can makes up 60% acid rain (H2SO4) ?Phosphorous - causes slagging in boilers ?Chlorides, Nitrates and Sulfates - Corrosion in the boilers ?Arsenic - poisonous and present it most coals at ppb
50
Exploration for Coal
1) Geologic Mapping - Anticlines and Synclines 2) Core Drilling - measuring apparent thickness 3) Geophysics - Mini-sosie high resln Reflection Seismiec survey Coals are strng reflectors Borehole logging - sonde can detect coal interval Most impt geophysical property of coal - density - VERY LOW DENSITY
51
Mining for Coal
1) Open Pit - Coal is near the surface 2) Underground - coal is deep below the surface longwall mining methods
52
Common Mine Dangerous Gases
Why is it important to ventilate underground mine?
53
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
Cless, odorleess, Heavier than air acidic taste at high conc
54
CO Carbon Monoxide
Most dangerous Cless tasteless lighter than air Flammable
55
H2 Hydrogen
Cless Reactive w/ can form explosive mixtures Lighter than air
56
CH4 Methane
Very Flammable Cless Odourless Tasteless Lighter than air Largest component of fire damp
57
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide
Reddish Brown in high conc Acrid or Bleach odour Non Flammable Heavier than Air
58
Firedamp
Flammable gas found in Coal Mines particularly when coal is bituminous
59
Primary Use of Coal
Generating Electricity
60
Coking Coal
aka Metallurgical Coal, used to create coke, a solid residue remianing after bituminous coals are heated at high temp out of contact with air which is essential fuel and reactant in the blast furnace
61
Coal Resource
2,280 MMT
62
Coal Reserve
414 MMT
63
How much of the mineable reserve is in semirara
~108MMT
64
Coal Regions in the Philippines
Resource
65
Cagayan Valley
336 MMT
66
Mindoro
100 MMT
67
Semirara
550 MMT
68
Surigao
209 MMT
69
Davao
100 MMT
70
Saranggani
120 MMT
71
S.Cotabato
230 MMT
72
Maguindanao
108 MMT
73
Sultan Kudarat
300 MMT
74
Bulk of Coal in the Ph
Subit C and B w/ 70% low heating value (9000 Btu/lbl) ar
75
Coal Regions in the Philippines under PD 972
Cagayan Region
76
Major Coal Blocks by Wardell Armstrong and BED (1985)
Luzon Block
77
TYPE OF COAL
AREA OR DISTRICT
78
High Vol. A Bituminous - Semi Anthracite
Catanduanes
79
Subit C - High Vol C. Bituminous
Cebu
80
Subit C-A
Quezon Pollilo
81
Subit C-B
Davao Oriental
82
Lignite - Subit C
Isabela-Cagayan Area
83
Peat - Lignite B
Samar-Leyte

GLE 2024 (Day 3) (48 decks)

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