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GLE 2024 (Day 3) > GEOPHYSICS > Flashcards

GEOPHYSICS Flashcards

1
Q

What is processes of scientific method?

A

Observation - Defining the Problem - Hypothesis formulation - Experiment - Conclusion

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2
Q

A systmetic and interdiciplinary area of study that includes both applied and theoretical spects of human impact on the world

A

Envi Sci

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3
Q

What is a baseline data?

A

Description of the system in its normal or original state, used to determine the effects of human intervention

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4
Q

Preservationist vs conservasionist

A

Preservationists does not want to use resources, Conservationist use resources but want to secure sustainability

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5
Q

What are the different aspects of envi issues?

A

Scientific and Technical, Socieconomic, and Ethical

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6
Q

Any undersirable changes in the characteristics of air water soil, or foods that have adverse effects on health and survival of life forms

A

Pollution

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7
Q

What is sustainable devt?

A

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromision the ability to meet the needs of the future generations

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8
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

Optimum number of a species individual that can survive in a specific area over time

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9
Q

What is the relationship between production and resource availability?

A

a much efficient production will result to more resource availability

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10
Q

What is ecology?

A

Stidy of the home, the inertaction among organisms and between theri phy. envi. which provides tool which can be effective in tackling envi problems

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11
Q

He coined Ecology in 1869

A

German Biologist Ernst Haeckel

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12
Q

He coined Ecosystems in 1935

A

Sir Arthur Tansley

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13
Q

What is ecosystem?

A

Interactions between biological organisms and their physical envir

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14
Q

What is principle of emergent property?

A

New properties emerge that were not present at the lower levels which results from the functional interction between components

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15
Q

Requirements of ecosystem

A

One way flow of Energy and Cycling of Matter

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16
Q

Explain the law of thermodynamics in relation to ecosystem

A

The more energy we use, the more heat we add to the environment

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17
Q

relate law of conservation of matter to ecosystem

A

The things we throw away is still here with us

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18
Q

Where can carbon originate?

A

From weathering of terrestrial rocks

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19
Q

Differentiate Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrification

A

Nitrogen fixation is the ocnvertion to ammonia while Nitrification converts NH4 to Nitrite

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20
Q

How do humans contribute to Nitrogen increase?

A

By using fertilizers

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21
Q

What are the sources of Phosphorous?

A

weathering of rocks, and Guano which became part of marine seds

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22
Q

The totality of all species on earth and the ecosystem where they thrive

A

Biodiversity

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23
Q

Why is the Philippines one of the mega biodiversity of the world?

A

We are part of the circum pacific belt, with subduction zones, trenches and faults and volcanism produces rich productive soil and mineral resources.Rich limestones,

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24
Q

What does endemic species mean?

A

Species found only in a particular area only and nowhere else

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25
What are the anthropogenic causes of extinction of organisms?
Destruction of Habitat, commercial products and live specimens, Introduction of alien species
26
The generation of different igneous rock from single primary magma
Magmatic Differentiation
27
Why are magmatic areas are the most fertile areas in the world?
Magma contains major elements requred for plant growth , P Ca, Mg, S
28
How is Geothermal Energy generated?
The head from the magma heats the underground water which are tapped by well to warm houses and run turbines
29
What is the general sequence of sedimentation?
Weathering, Erosion, tranpo, Deposi, Lithi
30
Term used for earth porcesses were large masses of rocks and or earth mats spontaneously move downward either slowly or quickly by gravity
mass Movement
31
Force acting on the materials to move exceeding the shear sthrenth of mats
Gravity
32
Geologic factors leading to mass movement?
Active Seismicity, Faults, Rock types
33
Geomophological factors leading to mass mvmt?
slope steepness, stream gradient, Relief or elevtaion, stream valley configuration
34
Climatological factors?
Tropical weathering, Typhoons and high rain fall
35
Anthropogenic factors?
Road Building,Deforestations
36
A term used to describe both sudden slip on a fault and the resulting ground shaking and raduated seismic energy or volcanic and magmatic activity or sudden stress change within the earth
Earthquakes
37
What are long waves
Surface waves
38
differentiate intensity and magnitude
Intensity measures the perception and uses the mercalli scale while magnitude measures the energy released and uses the richter scale
39
What law implements guidelines on Engg geological and geohazard assesement as additional requirement for ecc applications covering subdivisions, housing and other land dev't and infrastructure projects?
DENR DAO 2000-28 (EGGAR)
40
This use the geologic fundamentalss an princeiples in the investigation and evaluation of naturally occuring rocks and soil for the use in the design of civil works
Engineering geol
41
Refer to natural and man induced geol processes that have potential to cause destruction and posse a threat or risk to mans life and property
geohazards
42
What MGB memo cicrular includes details of EGGAR?
MGB Memo Circular no.2000-23
43
What does EGGAR stands for?
Engineering Geolological and Geohazard Assesment Report (EGGAR)
44
What are the inclusions of EGGAR?
1. Gen Info of the Project 2. Regional Setting 3. Site Geology w/c includes Topography, Hyrology, Bedrock Lithology, Surfucual Deposits and Structural Feature. 4. Hazard Assesments 5. Conclusions and Recommendations (Specialized studies, monitoring, mitiating measures)
45
What are some ways of managing natural disasters?
Adequate info and Tech, Zoning Restrictions and Improved Structures, Proper prediction and Monitoring, warning and evacuation systems
46
What is the breakdown of the water resources of the world?
97% Seawater 3% freshwater of which 1% is usable and 2% is frozen
47
How does geology affects Global water Budget?
Geol Settings influences the local availabilty and access to water thus even though water is renewable, local supplied may be inadequate due to geological barriers
48
What is the primary source of Freshwater supply?
Groundwater
49
Differentiate Confined and unconfined Aquifers
Confined Aqs, are beneficial to freshwater needs unconfined aquifer can be contaminated
50
Factors which affect the storage and movement of Gwater?
Porosity, Permeability, Recharge, amt of extraction defined by Cone of depression, Sink Holes
51
Cadmium toxicity associated with acid mine drainage
Itai Itai disease
52
What are the monitoring paremeters of Water
Dissolved O2, Bio. O2 demand, pH, color, turbidity/suspended solids, Heavy metals. temp, pathogens
53
Lethal pH in water
Below 6.8 and above 8.4
54
What are groundwater problems?
Water table lowering-depletion of resources, Depletion, Land Subsidence, Saltwater INstrusion, Chemical Contamination, Reduced stream flows
55
Pollution Control Law
PD 984, 1974
56
Water Quality Criteria
DENR DAO 34
57
Effluent Standard
DENR DAO 35
58
the science dealing with the study of soils
Pedology
59
Study of soil formation and origin
Pedogenesis
60
state factor equation
s=f(c,v,p,r,t)
61
what is the use of state factor equation
Soil formation is a function of climate, vegetation, parent material, relief, an time
62
What is the average composition of soil?
47% Minerals, 25% Air, 25% warer, 3% organic
63
sequence of soil horizons or layers from surface down
Soil profile
64
differentiate youn and mature soil
Young is thin
65
sequence of soil horizons
OAEBCR
66
Soil horizon which has the organic matter
O
67
The topsoil or humus rick
A
68
The Zone of Elluviation/Leaching zone
E
69
The zone of Illuviation/Depositional Zone
B
70
Broken Bedrock
C
71
Bedrock
R
72
What type of soil will have complete horizons?
Mature Soil
73
Combination of equal percentages of sand silt and clay
Loam
74
What is the color of an iron rich soil?
Yellow or Red
75
Optimum pH range for soil
6.5-7.5
76
minerals which can be extracted from laterites?
Al and Fe
77
What is the effect of laterization of soil?
It makes soil unproductive
78
How much of the earth's suface is suitable for crops?
3%
79
Factors affecting bilogical productivity of soil
Population, intensified agriculture
80
how much of the world's resources are renewable and non renewable?
19% renewable 81% non renewable
81
What are the relative percetanges of world's energy sources?
30% Oil, 23% Natural Gas, 22% Coal, 12% Biomass, 7% hydropweor geothermal wind and solar 6% Nuclear power
82
How much methane is the natural gas which is considered as clean fuel?
50-90%
83
Fuel of the century or of the future
Natural gas
84
Envi impacts of Oil and Gas
Oil spills, Global Warming, Envi friendly
85
Highest environmental impact in terms of energy resources
Coal
86
What makes coal not environmental friendly?
1) open pit extraction, 2) Coal poduces more CO2 per unit of energy released than oil and gas, 3) produces sulfur in pyrite from and if burned will produce SO2 which produced acid rain. 4) Acid Mine drainage (sulfuric Acid), 5) Ash Toxic Waste
87
This technology makes burning of coal more cleanly by supressing SO2
Fluidized Bed Combustion
88
how is sulfur suprresed by FBC?
Sulfur dioxide is converted to anhydrite to gypsum
89
How does uranium deposists?
U-rich granite and carbonates. Weathering and goes into soluton, migration of ground water and deposition in permeable rocks
90
How does nuclear power prouced?
Fission types
91
Environmentral impacts of Nuclear power
Radioactivity of waste and nuclear reactor safety
92
what uranium isotope is used in Nuclear powerplants?
U 235
93
How is geothermal energy formed?
Rising magma into the curst heating up any circulating groundwater
94
What are the indicators of geothermal energy?
Geysers and hotsprings related to volcanoes and subduction zones
95
Possible areas for geothermal explorations
Near volcanoes
96
Envi impact of geothermal energy
the sulfur coming from the magma goes into the waters thus altering it to be more acidic
97
Hyrdoelectric powers in the philippines
Agus 7 Maria Cristina Hydroelectric Power plant, Iligan City; Upper Agno Hydroelectric Power plant, Pangasinan
98
Any natural occuring body of minerals which is wholly or partly of econmic value or ores in anomalous concentrations
Mineral Deposits
99
What are the types of mineral deposits?
Magmatic, Metamorphoc-metasomatic, chemical weathering, Mechanical-sed, Hydrothermal
100
What are the gold districts in the Philipppines?
Baguio and Surigao
101
Commodity used in jet enginers?
Cr
102
what are the 2 driving forces in the use of earth's resources
steadily rising population, expanding technology
103
General types of mining methods
Open Pit, Underground
104
Differentiate Open pit and underground
Open pit is more destructive
105
Whats the importance of metallurgy in mining?
The best milling process for optimum mineral extraction from ore
106
this is the dissolution of hold into aqeous soln CIP,
Cyanide leaching
107
What is effluent treartment in mining?
must be done prior to release of byproducts of mining
108
When are the golden years of mining of the Ph
1960s-1970s
109
What companies are members of the legacy mines
Ph Iron Mines Bicol, Atlas copper mine cebu, Benguet Corp, Benguet. Marcopper mine, Marinduque, CDCP Copper mine negros occ
110
What are the programs MGB is implementing to attain effective mine waste tailings and management
EGF, CLRF, ETF
111
What does EGF mean
Envi Gurantee Fund
112
What does CLRF mean
Contingent Liability and Rehabilitation Fund
113
What does ETF mean
Environment Trust Fund
114
Whats the ultimate goal of the mineral industry?
Equitable benefits for the present and future generations
115
coordinated direction of all human acivities within a defined evni system to balance
Envi Mgmt
116
phyto technology
Provide solutons to pollution problems using plants
117
metalophytes
plants which survive in toxic environments like a highly metallic environment
118
a plant which is absorbs Ni or can exists in laterites
(H)Sibertia Acuminata (Sapotacaea)
119
hyperaccumultors
general term for plants which can accumalte toxic metals
120
What is interesting in hyperaccumulators?
Hyperaccumulators can decontaminate metal pollute sites in tropics and can allow phytomining which can benefit mining communities in transition during closure
121
How can cu/as be extracted from hyperaccumulators?
Electrotwinning

GLE 2024 (Day 3) (48 decks)

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