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Geography > Coastal Change and Conflict > Flashcards

Coastal Change and Conflict Flashcards

1
Q

what is a concordant coastline?

A

a coastline made up of the same rock type, parallel to the sea

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2
Q

how do concordant coastlines erode?

A

usually at the same time due to the same rock type

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3
Q

what is a disconcordant coastline?

A

a coastline made up of altering rock type in layers perpendicular to the sea

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4
Q

how do disconcordant coastlines erode?

A

usually irregularly due to the different rock types

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5
Q

what is a destructive wave?

A

a wave with a weak swash and a strong backwash

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6
Q

what do destructive waves do to a beach?

A

erode it as materials are dragged from the beach into the sea

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7
Q

what is a constructive wave?

A

a wave with a strong swash and a weak backwash

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8
Q

what do constructive waves do to a beach?

A

build it up as materials are deposited from the sea onto the beach

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9
Q

how do cold temperatures erode a coastline?

A

freeze thaw weathering occurs- water enters the faults in a rock and freezes, expanding the rock

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10
Q

how does intense rainfall erode a coastline?

A

the soil becomes saturated leading the mass movement down slopes as it becomes so heavy

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11
Q

what is thermal expansion?

A

water from melted glaciers enters the sea so the sea level rises

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12
Q

how does thermal expansion erode the coastline?

A

more water means more processes such as abrasion, attrition, corrosion and hydraulic action can occur

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13
Q

how does the spring tide erode the coastline?

A

the moon’s gravity is more intense so the sea levels are higher

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14
Q

what is mass movement?

A

the downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity

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15
Q

what is slumping?

A

rock becomes saturated and slides down a slope

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16
Q

what is sliding?

A

loosened rocks suddenly tumble down a slope

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17
Q

what is coastal retreat?

A

when the coastline moves further inland

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18
Q

how are bays formed?

A

the rapid erosion of soft rock

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19
Q

how are headlands formed?

A

the parts of harder rock left sticking out after the soft rock underneath it has eroded

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20
Q

on what type of coastline would you find a bay or a headland?

A

disconcordant

21
Q

how are caves formed?

A

the waves erode a fault in the rock

22
Q

how are arches formed?

A

2 caves erode either side of the headland and meet in the middle

23
Q

how are stacks formed?

A

when an arch erodes and collapses

24
Q

how are stumps formed?

A

when a stack is further eroded

25
Q

on what type of coastline would you find caves, arches, stacks and stumps?

A

concordant

26
Q

what is a wave-cut notch?

A

the undercutting of a cliff due to the harder rock being above the softer rock

27
Q

what is a wave-cut platform?

A

an area of flat rock at the base of a cliff due to a wave-cut notch eroding further

28
Q

what is long shore drift?

A

the transport of sand and pebbles along a beach

29
Q

how does long shore drift occur?

A

prevailing winds cause waves to approach the beach at an angle, carrying sediment along the beach in a zigzag fashion

30
Q

what is a spit?

A

a platform that sticks out on a beach

31
Q

how is a spit formed?

A

long shore drift carries sediment and deposits it at the end of a beach

32
Q

what is a bar?

A

an area of sediment connecting one side of the beach to the other

33
Q

how is a bar formed?

A

a spit grows due to long shore drift

34
Q

what is traction?

A

the process by which large boulders are rolled along the sea bed by waves

35
Q

what is saltation?

A

smaller stones bounce along the sea bed

36
Q

what is suspension?

A

smaller particles carried along the sea bed by a flow

37
Q

what is solution?

A

minerals are dissolved and carried along a sea bed

38
Q

what is deposition?

A

the process by which sediment is carried long a sea bed by constructive waves

39
Q

what is a beach?

A

a collection of sediment particles formed by transportation

40
Q

how does human development impact the coast?

A

impermeable surfaces prevent infiltration so more flooding will occur

41
Q

how does industry impact the coast?

A

can cause air, soil, water and noise pollution

42
Q

how does agriculture impact the coast?

A

soil erosion is increased

43
Q

how does coastal management impact the coast?

A

reduces risk of coastal flooding

44
Q

how does tourism impact the coast?

A

increased desire to protect the coast

45
Q

how do sea walls defend the coast?

A

they prevent water from eroding the cliffs

46
Q

how do groynes defend the coast?

A

prevents the sea removing sand

47
Q

how does beach replenishment defend the coast?

A

sand reduces wave energy and maintains tourism

48
Q

how does slope stabilization defend the coast?

A

reduces slippage

Geography (8 decks)

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