Coasts EQ1

Question 1

define strata

Answer 1

layers of rock

Question 2

define bedding planes

Answer 2

natural breaks in the strata caused by gaps in time during periods of rock formation

Question 3

define joints

Answer 3

fractures caused by either contraction as sediment dries out or by the earth movements during uplift

Question 4

define folds

Answer 4

formed by pressure during tectonic activity which makes rocks buckle and crumple

Question 5

define faults

Answer 5

formed when the stress or pressure to which a rock is subjected exceeds its internal strength

Question 6

define a dip

Answer 6

angle at which rock strata lie

Question 7

define relief

Answer 7

height and slope of land

Question 8

what is the littoral zone?

Answer 8

a zone which constantly changes due to dynamic interactions in the sea

Question 9

name a short term factor of the littoral zone

Answer 9

daily tides, seasonal storms, waves

Question 10

name a long term factor of the littoral zone

Answer 10

changes to sea level, climate change

Question 11

what is the general distribution of the geology in the Uk?

Answer 11

• Left of the Tes-Ex line is mostly hard rock (metamorphic and igneous) = scotland/north of the UK
• Right of the Tes-Ex line is soft rock (sedimentary)= South East of the UK

Question 12

what is a natural process which changes the littoral zone?

Answer 12

long-shore drift, erosion, types of wave, natural hazard, transportation/deposition, tidal ranges

Question 13

what is a human process which changes the littoral zone?

Answer 13

coastal defences, hard/soft engineering, dredging

Question 14

what is a sediment cell?

Answer 14

lengths of coast where processes are closely linked

Question 15

how many sediment cells are there in england?

Answer 15

11

Question 16

what are the three parts of the coastal system>

Answer 16

inputs > processes > outputs

Question 17

name a feature of the inputs in the coastal system?

Answer 17

solar movement, marine, atmosphere, land, people

Question 18

name a feature of the processes in the coastal system?

Answer 18

weathering, mass movement, erosion, transport, deposition

Question 19

name a feature of the outputs in the coastal system?

Answer 19

erosional landforms, depositional landforms, different types of coast

Question 20

what is a advancing coast?

Answer 20

construction of land/deposition

Question 21

what is a retreating coast?

Answer 21

destruction of land/erosion

Question 22

what is a high energy coastline?

Answer 22

rate of erosion exceeds the rate of deposition

Question 23

what is a low energy coastline?

Answer 23

rate of deposition exceeds the rate of erosion

Question 24

what are the waves, processes and landforms of low energy coastlines?

Answer 24

waves= constructive, calmer, short fetches

processes= deposition, transportation, longshore drift

landforms= beaches, spits, salt marshes, bars mudflat

Question 25

what are the waves, processes and landforms of high energy coastlines?

Answer 25

waves= destructive, long fetches, stormy processes= erosion, transportation, mass movement landforms= cliffs, wavecut platform, arches, stack

Question 26

where in the world is there an example of a low energy coastline?

Answer 26

Mediterranean coast, east Anglia coast

Question 27

where in the world is there an example of a high energy coastline?

Answer 27

Norway, Scotland, Atlantic coastline

Question 28

what are the 4 types of coastline?

Answer 28

- discordant - concordant - haff - dalmation

Question 29

what is a discordant coastline?

Answer 29

the geology alternates between bands of more-resistant and less-resistant rock which run at right angles to the coast (headlands and bays form)

Question 30

what is a concordant coastline?

Answer 30

bands of more resistant and less resistant rock run parallel to the coast (coves are formed)

Question 31

what is a haff coastline?

Answer 31

long spits of sand and lagoons aligned parallel to the coast

Question 32

what is a dalmation coastline?

Answer 32

have formed as a result of a rise in sea level, the valleys flood because of this causing the tops of the ridges to remain above the surface of the sea

Question 33

define coastal morphology

Answer 33

shape and form of coastal landforms

Question 34

define lithology

Answer 34

physical characteristics of particular rocks

Question 35

define permeable rock

Answer 35

has pores which allow water to flow through it (air spaces) not tightly compact

Question 36

define impermeable rock

Answer 36

tightly compact do doesn't allow water through it

Question 37

how many different geological structures are there on the coastline?

Answer 37

5

Question 38

describe the 5 different geological structures on a coastline...

Answer 38

1. horizontal strata produce steep cliffs 2. rocks dip gently towards the sea, almost vertical joint 3. steep dip towards the sea 4. rocks dip inland producing a stable steep cliff profile 5. rocks dip inland but with well developed joint at right angles to bedding planes

Question 39

give an example of discordant, concordant, dalmation and haff coastline

Answer 39

discordant- old harry concordant- lulworth dalmation- croatia haff- curonian lagoon

Question 40

what does lithology include?

Answer 40

geological structure, how porus the rock is, permeability, composition

Question 41

What are the 6 parts of a sand dune (in order)

Answer 41

Born > embryo > fore > yellow > grey > mature

Question 42

Name a plant u would see on a sand dune?

Answer 42

- sea couch grass - marram - various herbs - shrubs - pioneer plants

Question 43

What is the sand like on a sand dune?

Answer 43

sand is unstable and very dry because it lacks organic matter

Question 44

What is the name for the characteristics plants must have to survive on a sand dune?

Answer 44

Xerophytic characteristics

Question 45

Name a plants you would see on a salt marsh?

Answer 45

- salt grass - pickle weed - marshgrass - less salt tolerant plants - cordgrass - pioneer plants - eelgrass

Question 46

What is part of the upper half of a salt marsh?

Answer 46

Raised above regular height, may be dissected by small channels and creeks

Question 47

What is part of the lower half of a salt marsh?

Answer 47

Under water for long periods of time

Question 48

Define dune plants succession..

Answer 48

The sequence of plants that occupy different features