Coasts EQ4 Flashcards
(39 cards)
What economic costs can occur from coastal recession?
-Loss of businesses
-Loss of infrastructure
-Agricultural land lost
-Costs of repairs and rebuilding (including insurance)
-Loss of income
-Money for coastal defences
What social costs can occur from coastal recession?
-Jobs and homes at risk
-Potential loss of lives
-Impacts of health
-Temporary/permanent relocation
-Loss of livelihoods
-Loss of recreational areas eg. cliff walks/beaches
What are the social consequences of increased risk of coastal flooding in the Philippines (emerging country)?
-Up to 2.3 million people affected by frequent flooding
-Homes lost eg. San Fernando- 300 buildings
-Loss of schools, churches and recreational space eg beaches
What are the economic consequences of increased risk of coastal flooding in the Philippines
-Losses of $6.5 billion a year
-San Fernando- $25 million property loss, $21 million land loss
-Loss of jobs eg. 130 fishermen in San Fernando
-Cost of sea defences eg. riprap
-Cost of rebuilding damages
What are social consequences of coastal flooding in Australia?
-Nearly 250,000 homes at risk
-People needing to be displaced
-Encroachment of freshwater supplies by sea water leading to water shortages
What are the economic consequences of coastal flooding in Australia?
-$162 billion of industrial, commercial, transport and housing infrastructure at risk
-Loss of tourism industry due to eroded sandy beaches and Great Barrier Reef affected
-$39 million per year on beach nourishment
What are the social consequences of coastal flooding in the Netherlands?
-Potential risk of displacement due to flooding & storm surges
What are the economic consequences of coastal flooding in the Netherlands?
-Potential increase in taxes
-Cost of $5 billion for dams/gates of Deltawerken + $1.5 billion to maintain per year
What are some example of internal refugees?
-Philippines- third largest number of internally displaced people 2008-2013 due to natural hazards
-New Orleans- 30% of 1 million evacuees of Hurricane Katrina never came back
What are examples of international refugees?
Tuvalu- 2014- NZ granted residency to some Tuvalu residents, 3000/10800 live in New Zealand
Maldives- national government potentially buying land to relocate residents
What is hard engineering?
A structure that aims to stop physical processes altogether or alter them to protect the coast
What are costs of hard engineering?
-high costs (eg. £200,000 per groyne)
-sediment starvation due to groynes
-costs money to maintain and replace
-unattractive/unclean
-not long term
What are benefits of hard engineering?
-protects beach sediment in the short term
-can protect areas of high value eg. houses in Bournemouth
What is soft engineering?
Something that attempts to work with natural processes to reduce coastal erosion and threat
What is riprap/rock armour?
Large igneous rock boulders which dissipate wave energy, and encourages deposition
What is a rock breakwater?
Large igneous rock boulders which forces waves to break offshore, reducing the wave energy and encourages deposition
What is a sea wall?
A stepped/bullnose concrete structure which acts as a physical barrier against erosion & can dissipate wave energy
What is a revetment?
A stone/timber/interlocking structure which is permeable, absorbing wave energy and reduces swash distance
What are groynes?
Stone/timber fences built 90 degrees to the coast, spaced apart, which prevent longshore drift by encouraging deposition
What is beach nourishment?
Artificially replenishing the sediment on a beach to replace sediment lost by erosion and to enlarge the beach
What is cliff stabilisation?
Engineering solutions which stabilise cliffs prone to mass movement to reduce coastal recession
What is dune stabilisation?
Techniques such as replanting species eg. Christmas trees/marram grass or adding fences to maintain sand dunes
What is sustainable coastal management?
Managing the wider coastal zone economically, socially, and safe from coastal hazards as well as minimising environmental and ecological impacts
How is a coastline managed sustainably? eg. Maldives
-Monitoring coastal change + flood risk
-Managing natural resources eg mangroves
-Managing flood risk eg. investment in defending Malé
-Educating communities eg. Mangroves for Future
-Creating alternative livelihoods eg. Global Environment Facility giving grants to farmers to develop sustainable and organic farming
