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EPPP kirsty > Cog Affective > Flashcards

Cog Affective Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sensation

A

detection of stimulation

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2
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

explains how humans detect external stimuli and how they separate meaningful information from noise

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3
Q

Signal Detection Theory has been replaced by:

A

Optimal Estimation Theory or Statistical Decision Theory (bayesian)

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4
Q

what is response bias in signal detection theory

A

the propensity of an individual to categorize stimuli as targets vs. noise.

can be conservative, neutral, or liberal

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5
Q

What is discriminability signal detection theory?

A

the mathematical function of separation/spread

Separation is signal strength
Spread represents background noise

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6
Q

Perception

A

Detection and interpretation of sensory stimuli

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7
Q

How much of the brain is involved in visual processing

A

40%

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8
Q

What is hierarchical processing

A

A perceived stimulus undergoes successive extension

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9
Q

What is parallel processing

A

Stimulus is processed simultaneously by multiple areas and information is integrated together.

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10
Q

Describe the functional neuroanatomy of multi sensory integration

A

Involves frontal and parietal cortex, supported by cholinergic activity.

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11
Q

What can the word attention refer to

A

A global state such asleep or wakefulness

A selective process such as ignoring one stimulus in favor of the other.

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12
Q

What is attentional blindness?

A

Ignoring one stimulus by paying attention to another.

Example is gorilla suit

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13
Q

What are three reasons for limited attention resources

A
  1. Structural interference: the more similar to tests are the more they compete for attentional resources
  2. General resource: there is a limit to the extent of attention
  3. Behavioral coherence: limited behavioral resources
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14
Q

Attentional load theory

A

The degree to which ignored stimulus is processed depends on the extent of crossing required by the attended stimulus

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15
Q

2 types of attentional control

A

voluntary
reflexive

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16
Q

Conjunction search paradigm

A

Example of top down intentional control I have to find for example the O in green ink

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17
Q

Baddeley’s proposal for WM

A

phonological loop and visuospatial scratchpad - holds info in mind for a short short time

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18
Q

Carr thought intelligence was

A

the power of using categories

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19
Q

Howard Gardner

A

multiple intelligences, incl musical, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal, etc.

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20
Q

Wechsler’s idea of intelligence

A

The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment

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21
Q

Research on theories of intelligence relies primarily on two kinds of evidence

A

structural rsch (factor analysis)

developmental rsch

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22
Q

Planning, Attention, Stimultaneous, and Successive model

A

theory of intelligence based on Luria’s 3-level thepry of higher cortical fxs:

1) regulation of cortical arousal and attn
2) receiving, processing, and retention of info,
3) programming, regulation, and verification of bx

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23
Q

Positive manifold

A

All variables are positively correlated, for example in intelligence testing

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24
Q

Spearman was a student of Wundt and his theory was

A

intelligence was comprised of:
g; general factor
s: specific factor

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25
Thurstone theory of intelligence
higher order g factor, plus: 7-9 ability categories that are independent
26
Cattell's contribution to intelligence
higher order g was comprised of: general fluid (Gf) general crystallized (Gc)
27
Cattell-Horn-Carrol three-stratum model...
...of intelligence, what most IQ tests are based on 3 layers: narrow abilities broad abilities general abilities (like g)
28
How do fluid and crystallized intelligence change across lifespan
Crystallized intelligence increases over time, fluid intelligence shows inverse you shape with poor performance in early life and older adulthood
29
Classical conditioning
Pavlov Linking an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned/conditioned response
30
John Watson
little Albert, classical conditioning
31
how is drug use related to classical conditioning
body may begin antagonistic response to substances when exposed to cues related to substance use
32
Thorndike
developed basics of operant conditioning "the law of effect"
33
BF Skinner
coined term operant conditioning
34
difference btwn operant and classical conditioning
operant involves voluntary action
35
Premack principle
a bx that is done reliably can be used as a reinforcer for a bx that occurss less frequently
36
Modal model of memory
memory has three levels: sensory memory STM LTM
37
retroactive interference
38
three types of LTM
declarative implicit emotional
39
two subtypes of declarative memory
semantic episodic
40
prospective memory
memory for intentions; e.g., remembering that you need to do something
41
William James' theory of emotional experience AKA James-Lange theory
emotion is the psychological response to changes in the physical body e.g., have increased HR after seeing a bear -> interpret increased HR as emotion ->"I must be scared"
42
Main critique of original SB scales
Have large reliance on language skills not able to assess specific domains of intelligence - just gives IQ score
42
Cannon-Bard theory
of emotion psychological experience of emotion occurs at the same time as physiological change centers emotional experience on the thalamus.
43
Schacter and Singer's theory of emotions
noticed that the same physiological response can lead to different emotional experiences concluded that ppl have to cognitively appraise a situation to determine their emotional state
44
Lazarus' model of emotional appraisal
1st: evaluate valence and threat 2nd: evaluate how to cope (resources, options)
45
Somatic marker hypothesis
Damasio emotions (specifically physiological responses to emotions, like HR) guide decision making implicates ventromedial PFC
46
two theories of emotion
1) all emotions are comprised of a few simple emotions (happy, sad, surprised, disgusted, angry, afraid) 2) dimensional model: emotions are a combo of physiological and psychological phenomena
47
Russell and Mehrabian's dimensional theory of emotion
valence + arousal
48
Limbic system includes
amygdala olfactory bulb hypothalamus hippocampus mammillary bodies septal nuclei orbital frontal cortex subcallosal gyrus insular cortex parahippocampal gyrus cingulate gyrus
49
amygdala
located in anterior temporal lobe involved in coordination of response to stress/fear, receives inputs from sensory sxs.
50
orbitofrontal cortex
regulation of emotional behavior damage --> disinhibition
51
nucleus accumbens
in basal ganglia "pleasure center"," active in response to rewarding stimuli implicated in depression, OCD
52
three components of motivation
arousal direction intensity
53
drive theory
of motivation primary drives: biological/innate drives secondary drives: not innate, do not directly support a biological need. Clark Hull developed a formula to describe motivation using habit strength, drive strength and excitatory potential (how likely a person is to respond to the stimulus) - formula not useful practically
54
con of drive theory
doesn't consider how secondary reinforcers (e.g., money) reduce drives
55
how does frustration impact motivation
frustration increases motivation more than reward does.
56
Abraham Maslow
need-based theory of motivation. *not supported by rsch hierarchy of needs: 1. physiological 2. safety 3. love/belonging 4. esteem 5. self-actualization
57
Herzberg, Mausner, and Snyderman's 2-factor theory of workplace motivation
intrinsic & extrinsic motivation
58
Atkinson and McClelland's Need for Achievement Theory of motivation
motivation is governed by: 1. achievement (the need to feel accomplished) 2. authority (the need to lead and make an impact) 3. affiliation (the need to be liked and to develop social connections)
59
self-determination theory of motivation
humans have "inherent growth tendencies" that lead to consistent effort. Three basic needs are: competence, relatedness, and autonomy
60
cognitive dissonance theory
Festinger (1957) when people behave in a way that is inconsistent with their values/beliefs, they adjust their BELIEFS to manage the psychological tension
61
Expectancy theory of motivation
Vroom (1964) Motivation is a combination of: 1. valence: how much a person values a conseequence 2. expectancy: belief that one has the skillls to achieve a certain goal 3. instrumentality (
62
Ellis
described importance of the interaction of cognition and emotion in normal and abnormal functioning created Rational Emotive Behavior therapy - focusing on how thoughts determine emotion
63
Aaron Beck
expanded on the work of Ellis in developing Cognitive Therapy introduced ideas of automatic thoughts, cognitive distortions
64
learned helplessness theory led to the development of _____ theory
Attributional theory: has to do with how people explain causes of behavior or events found that learned helplessness is NOT a universal phenomenon.
65
Equity Theory
Adams 1965 individual assess the rewards from their work and if they are under- or over-rewarded, they experience distress and adjust bxs
66
Goal-setting theory
goals affect bx in 4 ways: 1. directing attention 2. mobilizing efforts/resources 3. encouraging persistence 4. facilitating development of strategies (AMPS)
67
2 opposing theories re: how anxiety impacts performance
Conscious processing hypothesis: ^ anxiety, ^ conscious control, v automatic processing processing efficiency theory: ^ anxiety, v WM capacity, v available resources.
68
cognitive interference theory
negative self-talk unrelated to the task interferes w/ a person's ability to perform adequately (by drawing resources) *important in sports psych!

EPPP kirsty (9 decks)

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