Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

EPPP kirsty > Social Cultural > Flashcards

Social Cultural Flashcards

(99 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

impression formation AKA

A

social cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

schema

A

Organized patterns of thought and behavior that influence what we attend to and how we observe new information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why do we use schemas

A

Facilitate memory recall
Save energy
improve predictions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Four main types of schemas

A

Person schema
event schema
role schema
self schema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Person schema

A

Attributes we use to categorize people and make inferences about their behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Event schema

A

A.k.a. cognitive script, provides the basis for anticipating the future, setting goals, and making plans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Role schema

A

Often associated with stereotypes, tell us how we expect individuals in certain roles to behave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Self schema

A

Representations about our self-concept. Perceptions of our traits, competencies, and values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a heuristic

A

Mental shortcuts, efficient thinking strategy, can lead to errors in judgment and decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

The easier information is to recall, the more impact it will have on subsequent decisions or judgments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of an event based on its resemblance to the typical case rather than base rates

Leads to errors over estimating the likelihood that something will happen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Heider’s two types of causal attribution

A

dispositional: personal characteristics like personality traits, motives, attitudes
situational: social norms, external pressures, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Correspondent Inference Theory

A

Jones and Davis (1965)
people make inferences about others’ behavior when they are looking for a cause of their behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Covariation Model of Attribution

A

Kelley (1972)

we assess similarities (covariation) across situations to help us make causal attributions in a rational and logical fashion

use 3 types of info:
consensus information: how other people act in the same situation and with the same stimulus
distinctiveness information: how similarly people act in different situations
consistency information: how frequently people perceive the same stimuli and respond the sam e

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Weiner (1985) theory of motivation and emotion

A

ppl make attributions for success and failure. these elicit different emotional consequences characterized by three dimensions:
stable vs unstable
internal vs external (locus of ctrl)
controllable vs uncontrollable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

bias occurs when

A

the perceiver systematically distorts whta are thought to be correct and logical procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to overvalue personal/dispositional explanations for behavior while undervaluing situational explanations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

tendency to attribute dispositional factors to others’ behavior but situational factors to our own bx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

self-serving bias

A

tendency to attribute dispositional factors for success and external, uncontrollable factors for failure

AKA self-enhancing bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

confirmation bias

A

when we search for, interpret, or recall info that confirms our pre-existing beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

when a prediction causes itself to become true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Barnum effect

A

tendency for individuals to give high accuracy ratings to general descriptions (of their personalities)

ex: horoscopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

illusory correlation

A

perception that a relationship exists between variables when only a minor or NO relationship exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

2 concepts involved in forming impressions

A

filtering: people tend to ignore much of what they see
inference: people tend to go beyond evidence

both lead to errors of judgment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
tactics used in impression formation
self-promotion self-monitoring self-handicapping
26
affiliation
the desire to be with others and form social relationships
27
gain-loss theory of attraction
higher attraction when first evaluation is negative but changes to positive
28
social exchange theory of attraction
attraction occurs when the relationship's rewards exceed costs and when costs and rewards are reciprocal
29
equity theory of relationships
perceptions of equity in a relationship are more important than the magnitude of costs vs rewards
30
4 categories that motivate altruism
egoism (to benefit self) altruism (to benefit other) collectivism ( to benefit a group) principlism (to uphold a moral principle)
31
empathy-altruism hypothesis
altruism is evoked by the desire to help someone who is suffering
32
bystander effect
people are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present
33
Latané and Darley's additional 2 factors influencing bystander apathy
social comparison: compare your behavior to what others are doing. evaluation apprehension: fear of taking action due to embarassment or social disapproval if action is inappropriate
34
frustration-aggression hypothesis
aggression is result of frustration. aggression removes what is getting in the way, or can be directed to another thing. NOT well supported in rsch
35
social learning theory of aggression
People learn what initiates and sustains aggression from observations of others
36
deindividuation, and how it relates to aggression
people act more aggressively when they believe their actions are anonymous in contrast, threat of retaliation often decreases aggressiveness
37
how are prejudice and discrimination different
prejudice: attitudes discrimination: actions
38
aversive racism
more subtle racism characterized by persistent avoidance of other racial groups. often learned behaviors from childhood, can be more complex and ambivalent racial expressions
39
implicit bias
internalized and unconscious attitudes and stereotypes that affect our attitudes and behaviors towards ppl
40
characteristics of implicit biases
pervasive malleable
41
Allport (1954) intergroup prejudice
arises from combination of historical, cultural, economic, cognitive and personality factors. Need to address multiple causes when aiming to reduce prejudice
42
contact hypothesis
stereotypes will decrease when contact between members of different groups increases (need contact but also equal power, status, etc)
43
Kelman's (1958) social influence theory include three types of social influence/reasons people change their behavior
compliance: when ppl change their behavior to get reward or avoid punishment identification: change in order to be accepted by another person internalization: acceptance of a belief that is expressed publically and privately
44
foot in the door and door in the face are methods of
gaining compliance
45
most common form of social influence
conformity to others
46
types of conformity
**informational**: conforming to people who we view as well informed **normative conformity**: pressure to conform to positive expectations of others and **peer pressure**
47
seminal studies on conformity
Sherif (1936) Asch (1951) autokinetic effect - the illusion that a light is moving Asch: peer pressure affects how people respond to questions about length of lines
48
Obedience
when a person submits to a request of authority
49
reactance
when a person feels their choices are being removed, and the reaction is the opposite of what is desired
50
social power
exertion of influence over another person
51
minority influence
when the minority changes the opinion of the majority usually involves a shift in personal opinion. people usually comply with majority for normative reasons, and comply with the minority for informational reasons
52
social impact theory
Latané 1981 the effect of any information source on an individual will increase with three factors: 1 strength of the source of the impact (how important the people in the group are) 2 immediacy (how close the group members are to you) 3 number of sources imposing the impact (1 person vs. 6 people - but more than 5-6 makes minimal incremental difference) **depicts people as passive receivers of social impact
53
dynamic social impact theory
4 components that influence how group dynamics operate: 1 consolidation: reduction in variance 2 clustering: regional differences in cultural elements 3 correlation: associations between elements 4 principle of continuing diversity *cultures can be created and changed from the bottom-up thru everyday communication
54
6 principles of persuasion
reciprocity: return favors commitment and consistency social proof: people do things when they see others doing them authority liking scarcity
55
Cognitive dissonance theory
Festinger 1957 People desire consistency between two or more attitudes or between an attitude and behavior. States of dissonance are unpleasant and prompt the person to change their attitude.
56
elaboration likelihood model
Petty & Cacioppo 1986 2 communication routes to changing attitudes: 1. peripheral 2. central
57
feature that makes communicators more credible
when they argue against their own self-interests
58
how mood affects a person's ability to be persuaded
when in a good mood, less likely to carefully process info --> more easily convinced
59
forewarning
people are less likely to be convinced when told in advance they'll be hearing a persuasive message
60
field theory
Lewin 1936 bx is affected by the person and their environment
61
4 types of intra-individual confliect
Approach-approach Avoidance-avoidance approach-avoidance Double approach-avoidance
62
crowding
state of mind in high population-density areas. can have positive or negative effects
63
density-intensity hypothesis
differential effects of crowding occur because some crowds increase positive experiences BUT also make unpleasant experiences more negative
64
two theories of mate selection
Darwin's sexual selection theory: same-sex competition for a mate Trivers' parental investment theory: seek mate that leads to highest investment in offspring
65
4 mating strategies
monogamous polygynous: 1 male, multiple females polyandrous: 1 female, multiple males short-term
66
prosocial behavior
one person acts to help another without an ulterior motive
67
empathy
prosocial emotion
68
empathy-altruism hypothesis
the amount of help we are likely to give without selfish thoughts is directly in proportion to the amount of empathy we feel for the person
69
ways to elicit empathy for anoth erpeson
Baumeister & Finkel 2010 focusing on anothers' feelings sharing emotions, feelings, sensations valuing another's welfare recognition of kinship, similarity, or closeness
70
Freud's psychoanalytic theory
three aspects of personality: id: operates on pleasure principle ego: defers gratitude superego: blocks id's socially unacceptable drives,
71
overdeveloped ego
when drive for pleasure is overindulged - can lead to addiction, anger, self-harming bxs
72
overdeveloped superego
exaggerated sense of right and wrong leads to guilt, anxiety, EDs
73
object relations theory
Klein objects are conceptualized as internalized images
74
Freud's psychosexual stages
oral anal phallic latent genital
75
Object relations theory differs from psychosexual theory in that
OR: early interactions between infant and adult shaped later expectations for relationships/other people
76
stages in object relations theory
Normal Autism: 0-1 mo Normal symbiosis: 2-3 mo separation-individuation: begins at 4 mo object constantcy: starts at 3 y *disruption of this process leads a child to carry that "object" in unconscious throughotu adulthood, and expect similar interactions with others
77
jungian theories
conceptualize personality as a consequence of both the conscious and unconscious mind uconscious includes both personal and collective unconscious
78
"persona" within jungian theories
a public mask that overemphasizes individuality, minimizes the collective psyche, and hides the true nature of the individual
79
archetypes or "primordial images" within jungian theories
cause people to experience and understand certain phenomena in a universal way
80
4 basic psychological functions contributing to a person's personality, per Jung
thinking feeling sensing intuiting this theory led to Myers-Briggs type testing
81
Adlerian theory AKA individual pyschology
basic mistakes originating from faulty perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs lead to myths, which strongly influence personality self-defeating perceptions and feelings of inferiority may develop in childhood and persist (less useful as a person ages)
82
Adler thought that people
strive for superiority due to an inherent tendency to become competent and achieve "perfect completion" people follow a "style of life" that unifies aspects of their personality birth order is important in his theory
83
self psychology theory hypothesizes that illness/personality disruption is due to
unmet developmental needs
84
humanistic and existential approaches emphasize
subjectivity and self-reflection, esp the importance of choice and self-determination
85
Yalom
anxiety arises when people are facesd with normal life experiences, such as death, isolation, meaninglessness, freedom
86
Rogers
person-centered theories. unconditional positive regard 2 parts of the self develop over time: the ideal self and the self-concept openness to experience reduces conflict between these 2 parts
87
Gestalt theories
personality consists of self and self-image self:creative aspect of personality that promotes inherent tendency for self-actualization self-image: "darker side" of personality,
88
social cognitive theories
e.g., Bandura, social learning
89
reality therapy
form of CBT Glasser human behavior is purposeful and originates from within the individual All behaviors are choices
90
trait theory of personality
focuses on role of specific personality traits Allport: central traits, secondary traits. Cardinal traits: characteristics by which an individual may be recognized
91
interpersonal/systematic theories of personality
combines psychodynamic and CBT theme: focus on elements external to the individual. social environment and larger social systems are importan. Sullivan: self is defined by various interactions
92
Sue and Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model
5 stage model that describes how people understand themselves in terms of their culture, the dominant culture, and the oppressive relationship among cultures 1. conformity 2. dissonance 3. resistance and immersion 4. introspection 5. integrative awareness
93
4 stages of the black Racial Identity Development Model
Pre-encounter stage Encounter stage Immersion-emersion stage Internalization stage (adopt 1/3 identities: pro-Black, nonracist; biculturist Black-other; multiculturist Black-2others
94
race salience
the degree to which an individual's race is currently a relevant part of their self-concept
95
White Racial Identity development model
Helms, 1990, 1995 2 phases: 1. abandoning racism (steps 1-3) 2. developing nonracist White identity (steps 4-6)
96
6 steps of WRIDM
Contact status Disintegration Reintegration Psuedoindependence Immersion-emersion Autonomy
97
acculturation
multidimensional construct that refers to the extent to which an individual changes, adapts, accommodates, or adopts the values, attitudes, and behaviors or their own group and the dominant/majority group
98
4 categories of acculturation status, proposed by Berry, Kim, Minde, Mok (1987)
**integration**: maintains own (minority) culture and incorporates many aspects of dominant culture **assimilation**: relinquish own culture **separation**: withdraws from dominant culture **marginalization**: not identifying with either own or dominant culture
99
ADDRESSING acronym
Age and generational influences Developmental or acquired disabilities Religion/spiritual orientation Ethnicity SES Sexual orientation Indigenous heritage National origin Gender

EPPP kirsty (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions