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AP Psych Exam > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What is bottom up processing?

A

Bottom up processing refers to the analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information.

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2
Q

What is top down processing?

A

Top down processing is the interpretation of sensations influenced by our available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts.

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3
Q

What are schemas?

A

Schemas are cognitive frameworks that help organize and interpret information.

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4
Q

What is perceptual set?

A

Perceptual set is a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.

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5
Q

What are gestalt cues?

A

Gestalt cues are principles that describe how we organize visual elements into groups or unified wholes.

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6
Q

What is retinal disparity?

A

Retinal disparity is the difference in images between the two eyes, which helps in depth perception.

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7
Q

What is convergence?

A

Convergence is the inward angle of the eyes focusing on a near object, aiding in depth perception.

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8
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Selective attention is the process of focusing on a particular object in the environment for a certain period.

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9
Q

What is the cocktail party effect?

A

The cocktail party effect is the ability to focus on a single conversation in a noisy environment.

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10
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

Inattentional blindness is the failure to notice a fully visible but unexpected object because attention was engaged elsewhere.

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11
Q

What is change blindness?

A

Change blindness is the phenomenon where a change in a visual stimulus goes unnoticed by the observer.

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12
Q

What is relative clarity?

A

Relative clarity refers to the perception that clearer objects are closer than hazy ones.

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13
Q

What is relative size?

A

Relative size is the perception that smaller objects are farther away than larger objects.

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14
Q

What is texture gradient?

A

Texture gradient is the gradual change in texture that occurs as distance increases.

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15
Q

What is linear perspective?

A

Linear perspective is a depth cue that involves parallel lines converging in the distance.

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16
Q

What is interposition?

A

Interposition is the perception that an object blocking another is closer.

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17
Q

What is a concept?

A

A concept is a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

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18
Q

What is a prototype?

A

A prototype is the best example or representation of a category.

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19
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Assimilation is the process of incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.

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20
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Accommodation is the process of adjusting schemas to fit new information.

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21
Q

What are algorithms?

A

Algorithms are step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution to a problem.

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22
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Heuristics are mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of making decisions.

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23
Q

What is the representativeness heuristic?

A

The representativeness heuristic is a mental shortcut used to judge the likelihood of things based on how well they match a prototype.

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24
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind.

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25
What is divergent thinking?
Divergent thinking is the ability to generate multiple solutions to a problem.
26
What is convergent thinking?
Convergent thinking is the ability to generate a single correct answer to a problem.
27
What is a mental set?
A mental set is a tendency to approach problems in a particular way, often based on past experiences.
28
What is priming?
Priming is the activation of certain associations in memory just before carrying out an action.
29
What is framing?
Framing is the way an issue is posed, which can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
30
What is the gambler's fallacy?
The gambler's fallacy is the belief that past random events affect the probabilities in future random events.
31
What is the sunk cost fallacy?
The sunk cost fallacy is the tendency to continue an endeavor once an investment in money, effort, or time has been made.
32
What is long term potentiation?
Long term potentiation is a process that strengthens the synapses based on recent patterns of activity.
33
What is effortful processing?
Effortful processing is encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
34
What is automatic processing?
Automatic processing is unconscious encoding of incidental information.
35
What is sensory memory?
Sensory memory is the immediate, brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
36
What is working memory?
Working memory is a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming information.
37
What is long term memory?
Long term memory is the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
38
What is explicit memory?
Explicit memory is memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.
39
What is episodic memory?
Episodic memory is the memory of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred.
40
What is semantic memory?
Semantic memory is the memory of facts and general knowledge.
41
What is implicit memory?
Implicit memory is retention independent of conscious recollection.
42
What is procedural memory?
Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits.
43
What is classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
44
What is encoding?
Get information (prepare for storage)
45
What is the difference between massed and distributed practice?
Massed practice is the time spent learning is grouped into long unbroken intervals, distributed is over time yielded better long term retention.
46
What is the primacy effect?
Recalling first items in a list
47
What is the recency effect?
Recalling last items in a list
48
What is retrograde amnesia?
Inability to remember information previously stored in memory
49
What is anterograde amnesia?
Inability to form new memories from new material
50
What is Alzheimer's disease?
Memory loss is progressive and plaques accumulate in nervous system
51
What is infantile amnesia?
Inability of adults to recollect early episodic memories
52
What is encoding failure?
Ineffective attention given
53
What is proactive interference?
Disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information
54
What is retroactive interference?
Disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information
55
What is the misinformation effect?
Incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event
56
What is source amnesia?
Attributing to the wrong source an event we experienced, read about, or heard about.
57
What is storage?
Keep information (rehearsal)
58
What is autobiographical memory?
A person's memory for episodes or experiences that occurred in their own life that combines episodic and semantic memories.
59
What is a mnemonic device?
Memory aid that uses vivid imagery and organizational skills
60
What is the method of loci?
Uses visualizations of familiar environments to enhance memory
61
What is chunking?
Combining or grouping bits or related information
62
What are hierarchies?
Systems where people or concepts are ranked based on criteria
63
What is maintenance rehearsal?
The process of repeating information to keep it in short term memory
64
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Linking new information within existing memories and knowledge.
65
What is retrieval?
Get information back (recall)
66
What is recall?
Direct retrieval of facts or information
67
What is recognition?
Correct identification of previously learned material
68
What is context-dependent memory?
How much easier it is to retrieve memories when the context is the same for both original and retrieval
69
What is mood-congruent theory?
Information can be retrieved while in a mood similar to when it was acquired
70
What is state dependent memory?
People tend to remember more information if their physical/mental state is same at the time of encoding and the time of recall

AP Psych Exam (5 decks)

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