Development and Learning Flashcards
(40 cards)
Nature vs Nurture
Genetic inheritance and biological factors vs environment and experiences
Continuity vs Discontinuity
Development is gradual vs development occurs in a series of stages
Stability vs Change
Constant traits vs fluid and flexible traits
What is maturation?
The process of becoming fully developed through physical growth, cognitive development, and emotional maturity
What are teratogens?
Agents, like chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
Fetal alcohol syndrome
What is proximal development?
Gap between what a child can do without help and with support
What is a critical period?
An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli produces normal development
What is Harlow’s view on attachment theory?
The monkey experiment with one surrogate and one cloth mother
Monkeys preferred the cloth monkey as a source of security and comfort while exploring new environments
What is Ainsworth’s view on attachment theory?
Leaving an infant alone with strangers
Three main attachment styles were created based on how children reacted to mom leaving and stranger present.
What is the sensorimotor stage?
(0-2 years old) Experience the world through senses and actions
Develop object permanence and stranger anxiety
What is the preoperational stage?
(2-6 years) Representing things with words and images
Use pretend play, egocentrism, and language development
What is the concrete operational stage?
(7-11) Thinking logically, grasping analogies and performing operations
Develop conservation and math transformations
What is the formal operational stage?
(12+) Abstract reasoning, logical thinking, mature and moral reasoning
What is authoritarian parenting style?
High demanding with low responsiveness
Harsh, rigid, demanding, need for obedience
What is permissive parenting style?
Low demanding with high responsiveness
Children rank low in happiness and self regulation
What is authoritative parenting style?
High demanding with high responsiveness
Children are happy, capable, and successful
What are phonemes?
Smallest distinctive sound unit
What are morphemes?
Smallest unit that carries meaning
What are the stages of language development?
Cooling, babbling, one-word, telegraphic speech, and over-generalization
What is the responsibility of the Broca’s area?
Speech production and language comprehension
What is the responsibility of the Wernicke’s area?
Understanding and comprehending written and spoken language
Trust vs Mistrust
(0-18 mos) Develop sense of trust in caregiver and the world
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
(18 mos - 3 years) Children learn to assert their independence and make choices, develop self-control
Initiative vs guilt
(3-5 yrs) Children explore their environment and take initiative, develop sense of purpose
