Cognition and development

Question 1

piagets theory of intellectual development

who studied the stages of intellectual devlopment?

Answer 1

piaget

Question 2

piagets theory of intellectual development

what is the first stage of intellectual development?

0-2 years

Answer 2

sensorimotor
a baby focuses physical sensations and developing physical co-ordination
move body in particular ways to influence environment

Question 3

piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 1

what is object permanence?

Answer 3

knowing an object still exists even if unable to directly perceive it- requires forming a mental representation of the object
infants have no working model so no mental picture= no sense of it

Question 4

piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 1

what method was used for op?

Answer 4

toy under blanket while child is watching
observed if they searched for it or not
if they did- had op could only search due to making mental representation
if they did not- no op= no mental representation

Question 5

piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 1

what were the results and conclusions drawn from op?

Answer 5

8 month olds serached for it
children around 8 mths old have op because they can form mental representations

Question 6

piagets theory of intellectual development

what is the second stage of intellectual development?

2-7 years

Answer 6

pre operational stage
understanding is givernee by outward appearences
child cannot perform logical mental operations
has difficulty with conservation, class inclusion and is egocentric

Question 7

piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 2

what is conservation?

Answer 7

the basic mathematical understanding that quantity remains constant even when the appearance changes

Question 8

piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 2

What was the method used to study conservation?

Answer 8

counters- created two equal lines of counters asking the children if the lines were the same
then pushed the counters in one of the rows closer together
liquid- two identical containers with liquids at same height
then poured in a taller thinner container asked same question

Question 9

piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 2

What was the results of the conservation study?

Answer 9

correctly identified with first question but with second incorrectly stated one rwo = more and taller had more liquid

Question 10

piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 2

What is egocentrism?

Answer 10

Only see the world from their own pov assuming others see feel and hear exactly as they do

Question 11

piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 2

What was the method used to demonstrate egocentrism?

Answer 11

Three mountains task
Shown three mountains with a feature cross hut and snow
Doll placed at various positions different to child
Child asked to chose picture that indicates dolls view

Question 12

piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 2

What was the findings and conclusions from the ego study?

Answer 12

**Four year olds- **always picked their pov
6 years old- chose different to their view but incorrect pov
**7-8- **chose correct picture =mno longer egocentric

Question 13

piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 2

What is class inclusion?

Answer 13

understanding any objects can at the same time be part of a subordinate group and a superordinate group

Question 14

piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 2

What was the method used for class inclusion?

Answer 14

wooden beads
children asked if there were more brown or white beads there were more brown than white (there were)
and asked if there were more brown or wooden beads

Question 15

piagets theory of intellectual development- stage

What were the findings from the class inclusion?

Answer 15

in this stage children under 7 gave incorrect answer to second question

Question 16

piagets theory of intellectual development-stage 3

What is the concrete operational stage?

7-11 years

Answer 16

now able to use logical thought or operations but can only apply logic to physical objects infront of them
can now do conserve, class include and no longer ego centric

Question 17

piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 4

What is the formal operational stage?

12+

Answer 17

can now conduct logical thought and operations in an abstract manner by manipulating ideas in their head without depending on concrete manipulation
understand hypotheticals

Question 18

piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 4

What was the third eye problem used for the formal operational stage?

Answer 18

Where would they put it and why
9 year olds- would put it on forehead
11 year olds- they would put it on their hand to see round corners = more innovative

Question 19

piagets theory of cognitive development

What are schemas?

Answer 19

mentalframework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive procesing developed from experience
help us understand and respond to the world around us

Question 20

piagets theory of cognitive development

How do we become motivated to learn?

Answer 20

When we cannot make sense of something new using our existing schemas this leads to a state of disequilibrium

Question 21

piagets theory of cognitive development

What is disequilibrium?

Answer 21

Current Schemata are unable to process incoming info

Question 22

piagets theory of cognitive development

What is equilibrium?

Answer 22

Current Schemata are able to process incoming info

Question 23

piagets theory of cognitive development

What is equilibration?

Answer 23

Going from disequilibrium to equilibrium

Question 24

piagets theory of cognitive development

What is assimilation?

Answer 24

We equilibrate by adding new info to existing schemas

Question 25

# piagets theory of cognitive development What is accommodation?

Answer 25

Changing an existing schema and or creating a new one

Question 26

# emphasises the important role of cultural factors What is vgotskys theory of cognitive development?

Answer 26

Cognitive development is a social process of learning from a MKO influenced by biological maturation and child’s interactions with others

Question 27

# vgotskys theory of cognitive development How does learning take place according to vgotsky?

Answer 27

Knowledge is first Intermental- shared between the MKO and LKO then intramental- within the mind of the LKO MKO is from the same culture of child= will cognitively develop to have similar reasoing abilities

Question 28

# vgotskys theory of cognitive development What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 28

Tasks that a learner cannot achieve independently but can with the help from an MKO Intermental

Question 29

# vgotskys theory of cognitive development What is the zone of achieved development?

Answer 29

Tasks that a learner can do independently Intramental

Question 30

# vgotskys theory of cognitive development What is a more knowledgeable other (MKO)?

Answer 30

Someone who has better understanding or higher ability level than the learner in particular tasks

Question 31

# vgotskys theory of cognitive development What is scaffolding?

Answer 31

The help that MKO’S give learners to help them to go from their ZPD until they enter ZAD Support is gradually taken away as it becomes unnecessary Helps child to understand the task then enter ZAD from ZPD

Question 32

# Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities What does Baillargeon focus on?

Answer 32

Early infant abilities argues that babies have a better undersatnding of the physical world- may lack the motor skills needed to persue the hidden object or may lose intrest due to disractions

Question 33

# Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities What is violation of expectation research and what was the research behind it? | impossible event

Answer 33

idea that Infants will show surprise when witnessing an event they didnt expect to happen ramp

Question 34

# Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities What was the aim? | ramp study

Answer 34

whether babies have earlier/younger than Piaget suggested

Question 35

# Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities What was Baillargeon’s theory?

Answer 35

object knowldedge is present from a much earlier age due to two possibilities

Question 36

# Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities What is Baillargeon’s theory of physicalreasoning? | 2012

Answer 36

proposed that we are born with a physical reasoning system (PRS) that means babies are born hardwired with both basic understanding of the physical world and ability to learn more details about objects easily and quickly

Question 37

# Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities What is object persistence? | aspect that we have from birth similar to piaget

Answer 37

idea that an object remains in existence and does not spontaneously change in structure- develops and becomes more sophisticated through experience

Question 38

# social cognition What is social perspective taking?

Answer 38

Selman- understanding what others are thinking or feeling it develops in 5 stages

Question 39

# ,social cognition What was the research into SPT? | holly kitten and dad and sarah

Answer 39

Aims- how children develop SPT Method- 30 boys and girls aged 4-6 individually given task to measure PT based on being given scenarios and being asked questions about how each person in the scenario would have felt ( after promising dad she wouldnt climb trees, how would the three feel about rescuing the kitten) Findings- perspective taking correlates with age suggesting a clear sequence

Question 40

# social cognition What was the later development of selmans theory? | 3 aspects to social development

Answer 40

1-Interpersonal understanding- can take different roles then we can understand social situations 2-Interpersonal negotiation strategies- need to develop skills in how to respond to them 3-Awareness of personal meaning of relationships- requires the ability to reflect on social behaviour in the context of different relationships

Question 41

# social cognition What is the theory of mind (ToM)? | personal understanding of what others are thinking and feeling

Answer 41

Ability to attribute mental states, beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, and knowledge- to ourselves and others

Question 42

# social cognition What do Premack and woodruff say about ToM?

Answer 42

It’s important as it allows us to understand that others have unique beliefs and desires that are different from our own enabling us to engage in social interaction- interpret the mental states and infer behaviours of those around us

Question 43

# social cognition How does ToM develop?

Answer 43

Westby and Robinson- several development skills that infants need to develop including ability to comprehend the concept of attention, understand the intentions of others and ability to imitate others as well as pretending to be someone else, understanding the causes and consequences of emotions and understanding that people and have different likes/ dislikes

Question 44

# social cognition What was Wellman and Peterson’s ToM?

Answer 44

Between 4-5 years old think about others ToM emerges through steps

Question 45

# social cognition What are the steps by Wellman and Peterson?

Answer 45

Understanding wanting Understanding thinking Understanding that seeing leads to knowing Understanding false beliefs- others may have beliefs that differ from reality Understating hidden feelings

Question 46

# social cognition How has ToM development been measured?

Answer 46

Wimmer and Perner- 3 to 4 year olds told a story of maxi that left his chocolate in a green cupboard, his mother used the chocolate and put the rest in the blue cupboard asked where maxi would look 3- incorretly said green cupboard- assuming maxi knows mother moved it 4- said blue cupboard

Question 47

# social cognition How is ToM used to explain autism?

Answer 47

Baron-Cohen et al- children with autism do not have ToM and many behaviours can be explained by children not being able to take perspectives of others= not being able to understand other people’s beliefs intentions and emotions (mind blindness)

Question 48

# social cognition What was the Sally-Anne task?

Answer 48

Procedure- 20 autistic children and 27 non-autistic and 14 Down syndrome children watched a scenario Sally- puts ball in basket Anne- moves the ball to box Where does sally look? Findings- 85% of control group correctly identified where sally would look compared to 20% autistic children Conclusion- autism involves ToM deficit = may explain autism

Question 49

# social cognition What are mirror neurons?

Answer 49

Neurons activaed when we perform an action AND when we observe the action being performed by someone else

Question 50

# social cognition How are mirror neurons involved in empathy?

Answer 50

important in it as when we observe someone elses facial expressions, neurons in our brain that control that facial expression is activated = neural systems involved in that emotion is activated by this this allows us to experince the same emotions as others= foundation of empathy

Question 51

# social cognition What is the link between mirror neurons and intention?

Answer 51

**Gallese and Goldman-** suggest that mirror neurons don't only respond to the observed action but also the intentions behind the behaviour- mn allow us to understrand other peoples intentions

Question 52

# social cognition What did Fogassi et al find?

Answer 52

different mns fired when a monkey observed someone grasp an appe compared to a non food item

Question 53

What is the evolutionary basis for mirror neuron’s?

Answer 53

**Ramachandran**- mn's are essential to how we learn to carry out behaviours, by observing someone of the same species carrying out the behaviour- our mn's being activated allows us to easily imitate them these skills are passed throughout and between generations e.g tool making etc

Question 54

# social cognition How are mirror neurons involved in autism?

Answer 54

**'broken mirror' theory of autism** autism is the result of a dysfunctional mirror neuron system preventing autistic people from being able to imitate social behaviours effectively * this results in them beaving in ways which differ to typical social behaviour * can also explain difficulties in understanding emotions, empathy as well as taking things literally

Question 55

# Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities- ramp study what was the procedure?

Answer 55

24 babies aged 5-6 mths tall and short rabbit passing behind a screen with window familiarisation event- small+ tall rabit disapering behind screen

Question 56

# Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities- ramp study what were the test events? | baby having object permenace

Answer 56

2 conditions expected event tall rabit seen in window/ short rabbit not in widow bc of its height unexpected event- tall rabbit not seen in window as it moves from one side of screen to other side | would show suprise when shown unexpected event

Question 57

# Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities-ramp study what were the findings? | demonstrates good understanding of object permenace

Answer 57

babies looked on average 33 seconds for unexpected compared to 25 seconds for expected event meaning they were suprised at unexpected condition= must know tall rabbit should have appeared in the window

Question 58

# Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities wha are the two posibilities for early object knowledge?

Answer 58

1- infants being born with capacity to aquire object knowledge very easily or 2- being born with an understanding of the properties of objects

Question 59

# Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities how does physical reasoning develop?

Answer 59

1st few weeks of life baby begin to identify event categories- each event corresponds to one way in which objects interact

Question 60

# selman social perspective stages what are selmans first two stages? | 3-6 years, 6-8 years

Answer 60

**stage 0 egocentric**- child struggles to distinguish between their own emotional states and those of others **stage 1 social informational**- child can tell diff between their own perspective and that of others, but only one at a time

Question 61

# selman social perspective stages what are the last three selman stages? | 8-10 years, 10-12 years, 12 +

Answer 61

**stage 2 self reflective**- child can understand another persons perspective but can still only consider one at a time **stage 3 mutual**- child can consider both points of view at the same time **stage 4 social and conventional system**- child understands that social conventionas are needed to resolve disagreements