Cognition and Language

Question 1

anatomic substrate of unit 1- luria model

Answer 1

reticular activating system

Question 2

function of unit 1- luria model

Answer 2

arousal

Question 3

impairments of unit 1

Answer 3

fluctuating responsiveness
decreased vigilance
becomes exhausted by minimal activity
fatigue

Question 4

RAS comprises of what parts of the brainstem?

Answer 4

medulla has descending RAS system

pons and midbrain have ascending RAS

Question 5

function of reticular formation

Answer 5

specific sensory input
maintains muscle tone of “antigravity muscles”
assists in regulation of respiration and heart rate
modulates sense of pain

basic functions of life

Question 6

anatomic substrate of unit II

Answer 6

cerebral cortex

Question 7

function of unit II

Answer 7

information processing (sensory, motor, visual, vestibular)

Question 8

unit II impairments

Answer 8

problems with associating simple input

in different zones

Question 9

unit III anatomic substrate

Answer 9

frontal lobe

Question 10

unit III function

Answer 10

executive functions

where all the motor planning gets put together

Question 11

unit III impairments

Answer 11

these people curse at you: behavior issues, difficulty motor planning and putting things together in sequence

Question 12

how do the 3 units work together? what do they do?

Answer 12

unit 1: provides necessary cortical tone (able and alert)
unit 2: analyzes and synthesizes
unit 3: interaction, regulation, verification

Question 13

association cortices are divided into:

Answer 13

unimodal (modality- specific)

heteromodal (higher order)

Question 14

formulates motor programs involving multiple joints

somatosensory, visual, auditory, premotor, supplementary motor

Answer 14

unimodal (modality specific)

Question 15

example of unimodal

Answer 15

motor programs like walking, riding a bike

Question 16

What are the 3 units in Luria’s brain model?

Answer 16

1- RAS
2- Cerebral Cortex
3- Frontal lobes

Question 17

heteromodal- higher order allows for what?

Answer 17

higher order- mental functions

Question 18

heteromodal- multimodal does what

Answer 18

personal bubble

• requires integration of vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive inputs

Question 19

multimodal association cortex is made up of?

Answer 19

lateral association cortex (posterior and anterior)

basomedial (limbic) association cortex

Question 20

lateral- posterior association cortex does?

Answer 20

spatial cognition

facial recognition

Question 21

lateral-anterior association area does what?

Answer 21

neural substrates for planning, foresight, insight, empathy, altruism, abstract reasoning, self-awareness and governing of emotion

Question 22

also called contingency planning

Answer 22

executive function

Question 23

nonsocial behaviors are mediated by

Answer 23

anterior association cortex

Question 24

social behaviors are mediated by

Answer 24

limbic association cortex

Question 25

basomedial )limbic) association cortex is involved with

Answer 25

emotional processing, performance evaluation and optimization

Question 26

basomedial (limbic) association cortex plays a role in

Answer 26

problem solving, error recognition and anticipation

Question 27

alert and oriented x3

Answer 27

person place time

Question 28

wernicke's area is responsible for

Answer 28

language processing comprehension this series of sounds= words

Question 29

where is wernicke's area located?

Answer 29

posterior 2/3 of superior temporal gyrus

Question 30

wernicke's has connections to what 2 lobes?

Answer 30

parietal and temporal

Question 31

broca's area does what?

Answer 31

motor program that produces words and sentences

Question 32

broca's area connects to what lobe

Answer 32

frontal lobe

Question 33

listening and replying to speech | 6 structures:

Answer 33

primary auditory cortex --> secondary auditory cortex --> wernicke's area --> subcortical connections --> Broca's area --> oral and throat region of sensorimotor cortex

Question 34

primary auditory cortex (1 of 6)

Answer 34

auditory discrimination

Question 35

secondary auditory cortex (2 of 6)

Answer 35

classification of sounds | language vs. other sounds

Question 36

wernickes area (3 of 6)

Answer 36

auditory comprehension | vocabulary

Question 37

subcortical connections (4 of 6)

Answer 37

link wernicke's and broca's area

Question 38

broca's area (5 of 6)

Answer 38

instructions for language output

Question 39

oral and throat region of sensorimotor cortex | 6 of 6

Answer 39

cortical output to speech muscles

Question 40

Acquired impairment of the ability to | communicate through speech, writing, or gestures.

Answer 40

aphasia

Question 41

Symptoms: Decreased fluency of spontaneous speech Extreme difficulty naming items Phrase length fewer than 5 words # content words exceeds # function words Prosody (rhythm, stress, intonation) lacking in speech production Comprehension is intact

Answer 41

broca's aphasia

Question 42

monotone | they know what they want to say but can't say it

Answer 42

broca's aphasia

Question 43

Speech is empty, meaningless, and full of nonsensical errors (inappropriate substitutions) • Examples – saying “ink” instead of “pen” or “bus” instead of “taxi” • Examples – saying “pish” instead of “fish” or “rot” instead of “rock”

Answer 43

wernicke's aphasia

Question 44

do not respond correctly | not processing what they are hearing

Answer 44

wernicke's aphasia

Question 45

Impaired Fluency | – Impaired Comprehension– Impaired Repetition

Answer 45

global aphasia

Question 46

Normal fluency – Normal comprehension– Naming impaired – Impaired repetition

Answer 46

conduction aphasia

Question 47

common etiology in middle cerebral artery

Answer 47

broca's aphasia

Question 48

common etiology is infarct to left MCA

Answer 48

wernicke's aphasia

Question 49

Infarct/lesion in the peri-Sylvian area thatinterrupts the arcuate fasciculus

Answer 49

conduction aphasia

Question 50

difficulty naming objects and repeating what they hear

Answer 50

conduction aphasia

Question 51

Resembles Broca’s, Wernicke’s, or Global | Repetition spared

Answer 51

transcortical aphasia

Question 52

watershed infarct

Answer 52

transcortical aphasia

Question 53

Impaired fluency | • Normal Comprehension• Spared Repetition

Answer 53

transcortical motor aphasia

Question 54

Normal fluency | • Impaired comprehension• Intact repetition

Answer 54

transcortical sensory aphasia

Question 55

Impaired fluency • Impaired comprehension Intact repetition

Answer 55

transcortical mixed aphasia

Question 56

Impaired ability to swallow | • Pathology – usually brain stem involvement

Answer 56

dysphagia

Question 57

Impairment in the oral production of speechdue to CNS or PNS lesion causing weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the speech musculature.

Answer 57

dysarthria

Question 58

automatic repetition of sounds, words, phrases, or sentences that have just been heard.

Answer 58

echolalia