Visual System

Question 1

image on the retina is _____ and _____

Answer 1

inverted and reversed

Question 2

central fixation point is on the

Answer 2

fovea

Question 3

blind spot is where…

Answer 3

optic nerve attaches

Question 4

nearsightedness is called

Answer 4

myopia

Question 5

myopia eye length

Answer 5

longer than normal

Question 6

myopia hits light where on retina?

Answer 6

in front of

Question 7

farsightedness is called

Answer 7

hyperopia

Question 8

hyperopia light focus is where on retina?

Answer 8

behind the retina

Question 9

eye length for hyperopia?

Answer 9

eye is shorter than normal

Question 10

when you see blurry and distorted images

Answer 10

astigmatism

Question 11

cornea is shaped as what in astigmatism?

Answer 11

football

Question 12

retina is made up of whAT?

Answer 12

rods and cones

bipolar cells

Question 13

deepest retinal layer

photoreceptors

Answer 13

rods and cones

Question 14

intermediate retinal layer

information integrating neurons

Answer 14

bipolar cells

Question 15

Works at low levels of illumination, insensitive to color, limited resolution

Answer 15

scotopic rod

Question 16

Works at high levels of illumination, responsible forcolor vision, sharp vision, and acuity

Answer 16

photopic cone

Question 17

dark light, whats activated?

Answer 17

rods

Question 18

bright light, whats activated?

Answer 18

cones

Question 19

cones are densest where

Answer 19

macula lutea

Question 20

cones have keenest vision where

Answer 20

fovea

Question 21

rods contain what protein pigment?

Answer 21

rhodopsin

Question 22

Three different types of cones with pigment sensitiveto either

Answer 22

blue, green, or red wavelengths

Question 23

(Deuteranopia/Protanopia)

Answer 23

red/green color blindness

Question 24

(Tritanopia)

Answer 24

blue yellow color blindness

Question 25

Achromatopsia

Answer 25

condition of no cones- ONLY RODS

Question 26

Information-integrating neurons that exit eyeball as the optic nerve

Answer 26

ganglion cells in retina

Question 27

ganglion cells are located in what layer?

Answer 27

superficial layer

Question 28

Circular, elevated region where ganglion cell | axons gather to leave the eye as the optic nerve

Answer 28

optic disk (blind spot)

Question 29

step 1: | Cells in retina convert light into

Answer 29

neural signals

Question 30

step 2: | Signals processed in retina and conveyed to

Answer 30

retinal output cells

Question 31

step 3: | Retinal output conveyed by axons that travel in

Answer 31

optic nerve optic chiasm optic tract

Question 32

step 4: | Axons synapse in ________ of the thalamus

Answer 32

lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 33

step 5: From thalamus neurons travel in the? within? to?

Answer 33

optic radiations internal capsule primary visual cortex

Question 34

_______ signals cross midline at the optic chiasm projecting to contralateral visual cortex.

Answer 34

nasal retina

Question 35

_________ signals continue ipsilaterally to project to the ipsilateral cortex

Answer 35

temporal retina

Question 36

random black spot on right eye

Answer 36

monocular scotoma

Question 37

one eye black

Answer 37

monocular vision loss

Question 38

outside/sides white

Answer 38

bitemporal hemianopia

Question 39

same side of both eyes black

Answer 39

contralateral homonymous hemianopia

Question 40

upper 1/4 of same sides both eyes blocked

Answer 40

contralateral superior quadrantopia

Question 41

Retrochiasmal lesions - lesions of optic tracts, LGN, optic radiations, or visual cortex cause homonymous hemianopia

Answer 41

homonymous hemianopia

Question 42

Causes include retinal infarcts, hemorrhage, degeneration, or infection.

Answer 42

monocular scotoma

Question 43

Causes: glaucoma, optic neuritis, elevated | intracranial pressure, optic glioma, schwannoma, menigioma, or trauma

Answer 43

monocular vision loss

Question 44

Damage to the optic chiasm  Visual loss more typically asymmetric than is seen in diagram.  Common lesions: pituitary adenoma, menigioma

Answer 44

bitemporal hemianopia

Question 45

Caused by lesions of the temproal lobe leading toinfarcts in the optic radiations  “pie in the sky” defect

Answer 45

contralateral superior qudrantanopia

Question 46

Lesion in the parietal lobe cause interruptions in the upper portions of the optic radiations  “pie on the floor” defect

Answer 46

contralateral inferior quadrantonopia

Question 47

An opacity of the lens resulting in decreased | acuity; vision hazy overall, particulary in glaring light

Answer 47

catarct

Question 48

what vision loss does NOT impact field of vision

Answer 48

cataract

Question 49

scotoma in cataract?

Answer 49

NO

Question 50

The deterioration of the macula, the central areaof the retina - central scotoma - side vision is fine

Answer 50

macular degeneration

Question 51

The leaking of retinal blood vessels may occur inadvanced or long-term diabetes; affects the macula or the entire retina and vitreous.

Answer 51

diabetic retinopathy

Question 52

patchy scotoma

Answer 52

diabetic retinopathy

Question 53

chronic elevated eye pressure causes optic nerve atrophy and loss of peripheral vision

Answer 53

glaucoma

Question 54

can only see the middle | black on outside (scotoma)

Answer 54

glaucoma

Question 55

Congenital degeneration of the pigmented layerof the retina leads to a severe loss of peripheral vision.

Answer 55

retinitis pigmentosa

Question 56

only a small part of middle vision can be seen, most of everything around is scotoma

Answer 56

retinitis pigmentosa

Question 57

Constriction of pupil due to

Answer 57

parasympathetic innervation

Question 58

Dilation of pupil due to

Answer 58

sympathetic innervation

Question 59

Functions to maintain the position of the eyes so that the image of the object of interest is kept on the fovea of both eyes - move your head and fovea but you stay fixed on the object

Answer 59

fixation reflex

Question 60

Occurs when gaze is shifted from a distant object to a near one - looking from projector to ipad

Answer 60

near reflex

Question 61

denotes pupillary size inequality

Answer 61

aniscoria

Question 62

Axons of the retinal ganglion cells that project tothe pretectal area

Answer 62

afferent limb

Question 63

Interneurons of the pretectal area that terminate bilaterally in the Edinger-Westphal nuclei of the oculomotor complex

Answer 63

reflex center

Question 64

inflammatory demyelinating disorder often relatedto multiple sclerosis  Symptoms of eye pain, decreased acuity, and impaired color vision  Recovery is common

Answer 64

optic neuritis

Question 65

Optic disc swelling associated with elevatedintracranial pressure

Answer 65

papilledema

Question 66

Vascular lesions of the occipital lobe |  Both MCA and PCA nourish the cortical area representing the macula

Answer 66

macular sparing

Question 67

can perceive, but cannot understand meaning of what they see

Answer 67

visual agnosia

Question 68

Bilateral lesion of specific area of visual cortex

Answer 68

cortical blindness

Question 69

Face blindness

Answer 69

prosopagnosia

Question 70

prosopagnosia occurs to which cortex?

Answer 70

Damage to occipitotemporal cortex

Question 71

what are the 4 functions of the eye?

Answer 71

1] regulate amount of light 2] focus on objects near and far 3] maintain balance between regulation and focus 4] record pattern of incoming light