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Neuro Exam 2 > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

what structure is primarily for unit 1

A

RAS

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2
Q

what would unit 1 be doing in a given scenario?

A

basic functions of life, keep us awake

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3
Q

impairment in unit 1 looks like what?

A

fluctuating responsivenes
no sensory input
like in a coma

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4
Q

what is unit II

A

information processing

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5
Q

what structure is primarily involved in unit II?

A

cerebral cortex

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6
Q

what is unit III?

A

executive functions

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7
Q

what structure is involved in unit III?

A

frontal lobe

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8
Q

how do all 3 units function together?

A

unit 1- provides necessary cortical tone
unit 2- analyzes and synthesizes
unit 3- interaction, regulation, and verification

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9
Q

what questions do we ask when assessing cognition and what unit is being used?

A

unit 1: alert and oriented x3 (person, place, time)
unit 2: get up and walk to door; following directions
unit 3: problem solving, sequencing (doing things in order)

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10
Q

what does wernicke’s aphasia present like?

A 
impaired comprehension
don't respond appropriately
"ink" instead of "pen"
empty, meaningless speech
spontaneous speech has normal fluency
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11
Q

how does broca’s aphasia present?

A

more content words than function words
short phrase length
difficulty naming items
lack of prosody- monotone voice

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12
Q

what is intact in brocas aphasia?

A

comprehension

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13
Q

What is primary structure that connects the two areas?

A

arcuate fasciculus

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14
Q

primary auditory cortex does

A

understand its sound

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15
Q

secondary auditory cortex

A

understand its language vs other sounds

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16
Q

wernicke’s does what

A

comprehend, vocab

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17
Q

subcortical connections does what

A

connect wernickes to brocas

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18
Q

broca’s does what

A

instructions for language output

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19
Q

oral and throat region of sensorimotor cortex does what

A

cortical output to speech muscles

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20
Q

four functions of the limbic system

A

Homeostasis
Olfaction
Memory
Emotion

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21
Q

what structures are responsible for the 4 functions of limbic system

A

Homeostasis- hypothalamus
Olfaction- olfactory cortex
Memory- hippocampus
Emotion- amygdala

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22
Q

where is olfactory cortex located

A

base of the frontal lobe and medial aspect of the temporal lobe

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23
Q

connections of smell

A 
olfactory receptor neurons
olfactory nerves
mitral cells
olfactory bulbs
olfactory cortex
anterior olfactory nucleus
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24
Q

does olfactory cortex connect to thalamus?

A

no

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25
hippocampus function
storage: encodes and transfers new explicit memories to long term memories
26
amygdala function
encodes emotional aspect of memory
27
location of amygdala
frontal portion of temporal lobe
28
3 nuclei of amygdala? and functions?
corticomedial (cortical)- olfactory basolateral- attaches emotional significance to stimuli central- mediates emotional response
29
what function does Papez circuit do?
memory: establishes a connection between conscious and unconscious behavior ex] getting lost on the way home
30
what structures are involved in declarative memory?
medial temporal lobe middle diencephalon prefrontal cortex
31
3 stages of declarative memory
immediate short long
32
what is procedural memory
practice is required to store it
33
examples of tasks we learn b/c of procedural memory?
goniometry
34
what did we learn because of patient HM case
explicit memory depends on temporal lobe and implicit doesnt. he lost declarative memory, he couldnt form new explicit memory.
35
what condition did HM have post surgery?
anterograde amnesia= inability to store new info after an insult
36
What makes a sensory neuron different from a motor neuron?
sensory has 2 axons and cell body | motor has 1 axon and 1 dendrite
37
what has faster conduction speed: larger or smaller? myelinated or unmyelinated?
larger | myelinated
38
functions of each type of axon conductors
largest- proprioception of skeletal muscles medium- mechanoreceptors of skin small- pain, cool temperature unmyelinated xsmall- warm temperature, pain, itch
39
Difference between proximal vs distal receptive fields?
proximal is larger and less dense | distal is smaller and more dense so it has better fine movement
40
Meissner’s Corpuscles
superficial light touch and vibration
41
merkel's disks
superficial pressure
42
pacinian corpuscles
subcutaneous touch and vibration
43
ruffini endings
subcutaneous stretch of skin
44
free nerve endings
coarse touch nocioceptors thermoreceptors
45
structure of muscle spindle
fusiform shaped | tapered at both ends
46
function of muscle spindle
sensory organ | proprioceptors that transmit info about muscle length, tension and load
47
innervation type | alpha vs gamma
``` alpha= larger and faster in golgi tendons and muscle spindles gamma= small and myelinated one; pain and temperature; more so cooling, itch and pain ```
48
intrafusal fibers vs extrafusal fibers
intrafusal is inside and ends connect to extrafusal; stretching muscles stretch these fibers 2 types: nuclear bag and chain extrafusal is outside of the muscle spindle
49
structure of golgi tendon organs
encapsulated nerve endings woven with collagen strands of the tendon
50
function of golgi tendon organs
relays tension controls speed for coordinated and fine movements protective against muscle tears/pulls activated to reduce effect of cramping
51
where does dorsal column medial leminiscus decussate?
medulla
52
synapses of dorsal column?
1st synapses with 2nd at nucleus cut or grac in medulla | 2nd synapses with 3rd at VPL in thalamus
53
what info does DC/ML transmit?
discriminative touch conscious proprioception *vibration, proprioception, light touch
54
where does spinothalamic decussate?
grey matter of spinal cord
55
synapses of spinothalamic tract?
1st synapses with 2nd immediately in grey matter of spinal cord. 2nd synapses with 3rd at VPL of thalamus.
56
What information does the spinothalamictract transmit?
pain and temperature
57
counterirritant theory
mechanoreceptors synpase to release enkephalins which inhibit pain signals but depressing release of substance P
58
function of visual system
regulates focuses maintains relationship records pattern
59
visual pathway
``` retina optic nerve optic chiasm optic tract lateral geniculate body of thalamus optic radiations primary visual cortex ```
60
rods does what kind of light
dark light
61
cones does what kind of light
bright light
62
ganglion cells do what for vision?
integrate all the info and send it back out
63
retina lesion
monocular scotoma
64
optic nerve lesion
monocular vision loss
65
optic chiasm lesion
bitemporal hemianopia
66
optic tract optic radiations upper and lower banks of calcarine fissure lesion
contralateral homonymous hemianopia
67
meyer's loop | lower bank
contralateral superior quadrantanopia
68
optic radiations | upper bank
contralateral inferior quadrantanopia
69
what is unit 1
arousal
70
where is hippocampus located?
temporal lobe
71
what types of memory are long and short term?
declarative: both nondeclarative: both emotional: both
72
what is procedural memorY?
the how to | motor programs
73
other examples of procedural memory?
riding a bike playing an instrument catching and throwing
74
what we learned from HM case
temporal lobes were removed to clear seizures | hippocampus is important for new memories
75
what is a receptive field
an area innervated by cutaneous receptors
76
stereognosis
you can touch things with eyes closed and know what it is
77
gamma goes to which fiber
intrafusal- muscle spindle
78
alpha goes to which fiber
extrafusal
79
golgi tendons main function
protection
80
dorsal column info
light touch | proprioception
81
1st order neuron for DC begins where and ends where?
sensor receptor | nucleus cuneatus or gracilis
82
2nd order starts and ends where?
nuc cut or grac | VPL
83
3rd order ends where
primary somatosensory cortex
84
gate control
theres pain, theres a gate you can close off to stop the pain
85
counterirritant theory
in ADDITION to gate control that can help close off pain
86
what type of sensory receptors is more focused at fovea?
cones
87
what do cones do?
respond to bright light so theyre more sensitive to different colors
88
endolymph goes in what direction vs angular movement?
opposite direction
89
utricle and saccule are only responsive to what type of movement
linear NOT rotational
90
hair cells give impulse to?
axons and then to CN VIII to be interpreted
91
striola does what?
changes direction of hair cells
92
why is one side inhibited and one side excited?
balance
93
learning and being able to use goniometer is what type of memory and structure responsible for this function?
procedural | cerebellum (movement)

Neuro Exam 2 (5 decks)

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