cognition, consciousness, and language Flashcards by Robert Jame

information processing model

brain encodes, stores, and retrieves info much like a computer

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piaget’s stages of cognitive development

SP(C)F

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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sensorimotor stage

Focuses on manipulating environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions.
Object permanence ends this stage.

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preoperational stage

symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration

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concrete operational stage

understanding feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete) objects

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formal operational stage

focuses on abstract thought and problem-solving

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mental set

pattern of approach for a given problem

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functional fixedness

tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized. may create barriers to problem-solving.

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deductive reasoning

deriving conclusions from general rules

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inductive reasoning

deriving generalizations from evidence

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heuristics

shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions

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biases

experimenter or decision-maker is unable to objectively evaluate information

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intuition

“gut feeling,” which can often be attributed to experience with similar situations

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Gardener’s theory

multiple intelligences

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the 7 intelligences

I'm Bill V.. 
interpersonal
musical
bodily-kinesthetic
intrapersonal
linguistic
logical-mathematical 
visual-spatial

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states of consciousness

alertness, sleep, dreaming, altered

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altertness

awake, able to think, perceive, process, and express information.

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waves which predominate on EEG during alertness

beta and alpha

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EEG during stage 1 sleep

theta waves

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stage 2 sleep EEG

includes theta, sleep spindles, and K complexes

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stage 3 and 4 sleep also called

slow-wave (SWS) sleep

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waves which predominate on EEG during stages 3 and 4 of sleep

delta

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dreaming in SWS focuses on

consolidating declarative memories

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REM dream focus

dreaming focus on consolidating procedural memories

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REM

body is paralyzed, rapid eye movements; appears close ot awake on EEG

sleep cycle duration

90 minutes

sleep cycle

1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or just 1-2-3-4-REM, with REM more frequent toward morning

releases melatonin

pineal gland

melatonin makes you

sleepy

hormone which increases in the morning

cortisol, promoting wakefulness

most sleep disorders occur during

stages 3&4 NREM

most dreaming occurs during

REM

examples of dyssomnia

insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleep deprivation

examples of parasomnias

night terrors, sleepwalking (somnambulism)

hypnosis

appear in control of normal faculties, but in highly suggestible state

consciousness-altering drugs

DOSH: depressants, opiates/opioids, stimulants, hallucinogens. And weed.

what depressants do

promote or mimic GABA activity in brain

examples of depressants

alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

what stimulants do

increase dopamine, norepi, and serotonin conc at synaptic cleft

examples of stimulants

amphetamines, cocaine, ectasy

risk of opiates/opoids

death by respiratory depression

examples of opiates

heroin, morphine, opium, oxycodone, hydrocodone

examples of hallucinogens

LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, mushrooms with psilocybin

active ingredient of weed

tetrahydrocannabinol

weed is

a depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogen

drug addiction is mediated by the

mesolimbic pathway

nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, ventral tegmental area

main NT of mesolimbic pathway

dopamine

selective attention

pay attention to one thing, still keep eye out for anything else

divided attention

automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time

language consists of

phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics

phonology

actual sound of speech

morphology

building blocks of words such as -s and -ed in English

semantics

meaning of words

syntax

rules dictating word order

pragmatics

change in language delivery depending on context

theories of language

nativist/biological, learning/behaviorist, social interactionist

nativist/biological theory

Chompsky: LAD, language acquisition device, critical period

learning/behaviorist theory

operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents/caregivers

social interactionist theory

language acquisition by motivation to communicate with others

Whorfian/linguistic relativity hypothesis

lens for view and interpret world created by language

speech areas found in the ______ hemisphere

dominant

dominant hemisphere usually the ____

left

motor function of speech controlled by

Broca's area

Broca's aphasia

generating each word requires effort

Wernicke's aphasia

cant talk, but speech won't make sense. lack of comprehension, written or spoken.

arcuate fasciculus

connects Wernicke's area and Broca's area

aphasia

communication disorder from damage to language-containing part of brain

conduction aphasia results from

damage to arcuate fasciculus

conduction aphasia marked by

inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension

assimilation

process of classifying new information into existing schemata

accommodation

existing schemata modified to encompass new information

primary circular reactions

repetition of body movement that initially occurred by chance

secondary circular reactions

manipulation is focused on something outside the body, like throwing toys from high chair over and over

symbolic thinking

ability to pretend, play make-believe, have imagination

egocentrism

inability to imagine what another person may think or feel

centration

tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon, or inability to understand conservation

object permanence marks the beginning of

representational thought

Lev Vygotsky

child's internalization of his or her culture drives cognitive development

fluid intelligence

problem-solving skills, peaks early adulthood

crystallized intelligence

use of learned skills and knowledge, peaks middle adulthood

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

memory impairment/changes in mental status/loss of motor skills. thiamine, i.e. vitamin B1 deficiency

language acquisition timeline

9-12 m/o babbling, 12-18 m/o 1 word p/m, 18-20 m/o language explosion/combining words, 2-3 y/o longer sentences of 3 words or more, 5 y/o language rules largely mastered

expressive aphasia AKA

Broca's aphasia AKA

receptive aphasia AKA

Wernicke's aphasia AKA

cognition, consciousness, and language Flashcards

(85 cards)