COGNITION- LANGUAGE

Question 1

is a system for combining symbols (such as words) so that an infinite number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating with others

Answer 1

LANGUAGE

Question 2

allows people not only to communicate with one another but also to represent their own internal mental activity

Answer 2

LANGUAGE

Question 3

a very important part of how people think

Answer 3

LANGUAGE

Question 4

the system of rules governing the structure and use of a language.

Answer 4

GRAMMAR

Question 5

according to famed linguist _, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through a device he calls the language acquisition device, or LAD.

Answer 5

Noam Chomsky

Question 6

innate ability of humans to understand and produce language through a device called

Answer 6

language acquisition device, or LAD

Question 7

an innate “program” that contained a schema for human language

Answer 7

language acquisition device, or LAD

Question 8

children _ the language they heard against this schema (language acquisition device, or LAD) and, thus, language developed in a well-researched sequence

Answer 8

matched

Question 9

humans may learn the specific language (English, Spanish, Mandarin, etc.) through the processes of _, _, and _

Answer 9

imitation, reinforcement, and shaping

Question 10

the complexities of the grammar of a language are, according to Chomsky, to some degree “_” to the developing Brain

Answer 10

“wired in”

Question 11

PHONEMES, MORPHOLOGY, SYNTAX AND PRAGMATICS

Answer 11

PARTS OF GRAMMAR

Question 12

BASIC SOUND LANGUAGE

Answer 12

phonemes

Question 13

study of the formation of words

Answer 13

morphology

Question 14

rules for the order of the words

Answer 14

syntax

Question 15

practical social expectations and uses of language

Answer 15

pragmatics

Question 16

Basic units of sound in a language

Answer 16

phonemes

Question 17

The difference is in how we say the sound of the a in each word.

Answer 17

phonemes

Question 18

infants are born with the ability to recognize all phonemes, after about _ months, that ability has deteriorated and the infant recognizes only the phonemes of the language to which the infant is exposed.

Answer 18

9

Question 19

_ for different languages are also different,

Answer 19

phonemes

Question 20

one of the biggest problems for people who are trying to learn another language is the _ to both hear and pronounce the phonemes of that other language.

Answer 20

inability

Question 21

Smallest units of meaning within a language

Answer 21

morphemes

Question 22

the word playing consists of _ morphemes, play and ing.

Answer 22

2

Question 23

system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences

Answer 23

Syntax

Question 24

important, as just a simple mix-up can cause sentences to be completely misunderstood.

Answer 24

Syntax

Question 25

study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences

Answer 25

Semantics

Question 26

Rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences.

Answer 26

Semantics

Question 27

Sentences, for example, can have the same semantic meaning while having different _

Answer 27

Syntax

Question 28

the practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language.

Answer 28

Pragmatics

Question 29

involves knowing things like how to take turns in a conversation,

Answer 29

Pragmatics

Question 30

the use of gestures to emphasize a point or indicate a need for more information

Answer 30

Pragmatics

Question 31

the different ways in which one speaks to different people.

Answer 31

Pragmatics

Question 32

Part of the pragmatics of language includes knowing just what rhythm and emphasis to use when communicating with others, called

Answer 32

intonation

Question 33

changing the stress or pitch of certain words or syllables of a particular word can change its _ entirely

Answer 33

meaning

Question 34

Two very influential developmental psychologists _ and _ often debated the relationship of language and thought

Answer 34

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky

Question 35

theorized that concepts preceded and aided the development of language.

Answer 35

Piaget (1926, 1962)

Question 36

a child would have to have a _ for "mother" before being able to learn the word "mama.

Answer 36

concept or mental schema

Question 37

_ become the "pegs" (nail/pin) upon which words are "hung."

Answer 37

concepts or mental schema (Piaget)

Question 38

Piaget also noticed that preschool children seemed to spend a great deal of time talking to _ even when playing with another child.

Answer 38

themselves

Question 39

a process Piaget called, each child would be talking about something totally unrelated to the speech of the other

Answer 39

collective monologue

Question 40

kind of nonsocial speech was very egocentric (from the child's point of view only, with no regard for the listener)

Answer 40

collective monologue

Question 41

as the child became more socially involved and less egocentric, these nonsocial speech patterns would reduce.

Answer 41

collective monologue

Question 42

Believed almost the opposite to Jean Piaget

Answer 42

Lev Vygotsky

Question 43

He theorized that language actually helped develop concepts and that language could also help the child learn to control behavior- including social behavior

Answer 43

Lev Vygotsky

Question 44

the word helped form the concept

Answer 44

Lev Vygotsky

Question 45

Once a child had learned the word "mama," the various elements of "mama-ness"- warm, soft, food, safety, and so on-could come together around that word.

Answer 45

Lev Vygotsky

Question 46

the _ speech of the preschool child was actually a way for the child to form thoughts and control actions.

Answer 46

egocentric speech Lev Vygotsky

Question 47

"_ speech" was a way for children to plan their behavior and organize actions so that their goals could be obtained, vygotsky's term for egocentric speech

Answer 47

"private speech"

Question 48

socializing with other children would demand much more self-control and behavioral regulation on the part of the preschool child,

Answer 48

socializing Lev Vygotsky

Question 49

Vygotsky believed that _ speech would actually increase as children become more socially active in the preschool years.

Answer 49

private speech

Question 50

Children, especially bright children, do tend to use more _ speech when learning how to socialize with other children or when working on a difficult task. Evidence of vygotsky's belief

Answer 50

private speech

Question 51

The hypothesis that language shapes and influences thoughts

Answer 51

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Question 52

The hypothesis that language shapes and influences thoughts was accepted by many theorists, with a few notable exceptions, such as _.

Answer 52

Jean Piaget

Question 53

Edward Sapir and his student, Benjamin Lee Whorf developed?

Answer 53

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Question 54

This hypothesis assumes that the thought processes and concepts within any culture are determined by the words of the culture

Answer 54

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis / Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Question 55

thought processes and concepts are controlled by (relative to) language.

Answer 55

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Question 56

_ Hypothesis the words people use determine much of the way in which they think about the world around them

Answer 56

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Question 57

the _, Native Americans living in the Arctic, have many more words for snow than do people in other cultures.

Answer 57

Inuits

Question 58

Inuits have _ different words for snow, whereas other estimates have ranged in the _. Unfortunately, this anecdotal evidence has turned out to be false

Answer 58

23 DIFFERENT WORDS, RANGED IN THE 100

Question 59

_ speakers also have many different words for snow (sleet, slush, powder, dusting, and yellow to name a few)

Answer 59

English speakers

Question 60

There have been attempts to teach animals (primates and dolphins) how to use sign language (as animals lack the vocal structure to form spoken words), but many of these attempts were simply not _

Answer 60

"good science."

Question 61

_ lack the vocal structure to form spoken words

Answer 61

ANIMALS

Question 62

a bonobo chimpanzee trained to press abstract symbols on a computer keyboard, successful experiment it learned to use symbols that are abstract

Answer 62

Kanzi

Question 63

Kanzi actually was not the original subject of the study but his _, Matata

Answer 63

mother

Question 64

Matata did not learn many of the symbols, but Kanzi watched his mother use the keyboard and appeared to learn how to use the symbols through that _

Answer 64

observation

Question 65

At last count, Kanzi could understand about _ spoken English words.

Answer 65

150 spoken English words