COGNITION: MENTAL IMAGERY | CONCEPT AND PROTOTYPE

Question 1

instinctual (System 1) and deliberate (System 2)

Answer 1

two types of thinking

Question 2

involves making quick decisions and using cognitive shortcuts, is guided by our innate abilities and personal experiences

Answer 2

System 1

Question 3

which is relatively slow, analytical, and rule-based, is dependent more on our formal educational experiences

Answer 3

System 2

Question 4

from a Latin word meaning “to know”

Answer 4

Thinking, or cognition

Question 5

can be defined as mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is processing information, organizing it, understanding it, and communicating it to others

Answer 5

Thinking, or cognition

Question 6

includes memory, but it is much more

Answer 6

Thinking

Question 7

aware of the information in the brain but also are making decisions about it, comparing it to other
information, and using it to solve problems.

Answer 7

Thinking

Question 8

also includes more than just a kind of verbal “stream of consciousness.”
When people think, they often have images as well as words in their minds

Answer 8

Thinking

Question 9

_ memories are encoded in the form of sounds and also as visual images, forming a mental picture of the world

Answer 9

short-term memories

Question 10

representations that stand in for objects or events and have a picturelike quality

Answer 10

mental images

Question 11

one of several tools used in the thought process

Answer 11

mental images

Question 12

They have found that it does take _ to view a mental image that is larger or covers more distance than a smaller, more compact one

Answer 12

longer

Question 13

participants were asked to push a button when they had imagined themselves moving from one place on the island to another. As the graph below the picture shows, participants took longer times to complete the task when the locations on the image were farther apart.

Answer 13

Kosslyn’s Fictional Island 1978

Question 14

researchers have been able to see the overlap that occurs in brain areas activated during visual mental imagery tasks as compared to actual tasks involving visual perception

Answer 14

functional magnetic resonance imagery (fMRI)

Question 15

frontal cortex

Answer 15

cognitive control

Question 16

temporal lobes

Answer 16

memory

Question 17

parietal lobes

Answer 17

attention and spatial memory

Question 18

occipital lobes

Answer 18

visual processing

Question 19

are only one form of mental representation

Answer 19

Mental images

Question 20

Another aspect of thought
processes, ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities.

Answer 20

Concepts

Question 21

use to think about objects or events without having to think about all the specific examples of the category.

Answer 21

Concepts

Question 22

not only contain the important features of the objects or events people want to think about, but also they allow the identification of new objects and events that
may fit

Answer 22

Concepts

Question 23

can have very strict definitions

Answer 23

Concepts

Question 24

Concepts defined by specific rules or features are called _ concepts and are quite rigid

Answer 24

formal concepts

Question 25

concepts people form not as a result of a strict set of rules, but rather as the result of experiences with these concepts in the real world

Answer 25

natural concepts,

Question 26

Formal concepts are well defined, but _ concepts are “fuzzy”

Answer 26

natural concepts

Question 27

_ concepts are important in helping people understand their surroundings in a less structured manner than school-taught formal concepts, and they form the basis for interpreting those surroundings and the events that may occur in everyday life.

Answer 27

natural concepts

Question 28

a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of the concept

Answer 28

prototype

Question 29

most basic examples of concepts

Answer 29

prototype

Question 30

develop according to the exposure a person has to objects in that category

Answer 30

prototypes

Question 31

also matters in the formation of prototypes

Answer 31

CULTURE

Question 32

a 3 combination to identify objects in our daily lives

Answer 32

1.concepts 2.prototypes 3.mental images

Question 33

mental generalizations about objects, places, events, and people (for example, one’s _ for “library” would no doubt include books and bookshelves),

Answer 33

schemas

Question 34

a kind of schema that involves a familiar sequence of activities (for example, “going to a movie” would include traveling there, getting the ticket, buying snacks, finding the right theater, etc.).

Answer 34

scripts

Question 35

_ not only help people think, but also they are an important tool in problem solving,

Answer 35

CONCEPTS

Question 36

a type of thinking that people engage in every day and in many different situations

Answer 36

PROBLEM SOLVING

Question 37

_ and _ are mental tools that can be used to solve problems and make decisions.

Answer 37

images and concepts

Question 38

_ occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways.

Answer 38

Problem solving occurs

Question 39

one aspect of decision making, or identifying, evaluating, and choosing among several alternatives.

Answer 39

Problem solving

Question 40

also known as a mechanical solution. Refers to trying one solution after another until finding one that works.

Answer 40

Trial and Error (Mechanical Solutions)

Question 41

_ solutions can also involve solving by rote

Answer 41

Mechanical solutions

Question 42

a learned set of rules, how word problems were solved in grade school,

Answer 42

rote

Question 43

One type of rote solution is to use an ?

Answer 43

algorithm

Question 44

are specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems, always result in a correct solution, if there is a correct solution to be found, and you have enough time to find it.

Answer 44

Algorithms

Question 45

Mathematical formulas are what?

Answer 45

Algorithms

Question 46

a useful part of some computer programs.

Answer 46

systematic search algorithm

Question 47

humans aren’t as fast as computers and need some other way to narrow down the possible solutions to only a few.

Answer 47

Heuristics

Question 48

“rule of thumb,”

Answer 48

Heuristics

Question 49

a simple rule that is intended to apply to many situations.

Answer 49

Heuristics or “rule of thumb,”

Question 50

very specific and will always lead to a solution,

Answer 50

algorithm

Question 51

educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem.

Answer 51

heuristic

Question 52

Using a _ is faster than using an algorithm in many cases, but unlike algorithms, it will not always lead to the correct solution.

Answer 52

heuristic

Question 53

What you gain in speed is sometimes lost in accuracy.

Answer 53

heuristic

Question 54

_ heuristic is used for categorizing objects and simply assumes that any object (or person) that shares characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category.

Answer 54

representativeness heuristic

Question 55

_ heuristics is a handy tool when it comes to classifying plants but doesn’t work as well when applied to people.

Answer 55

representativeness heuristic

Question 56

can cause errors due to ignoring base rates, the actual probability of a given event.

Answer 56

representativeness heuristic

Question 57

can be used—or misused—to create and sustain stereotypes

Answer 57

representativeness heuristic

Question 58

based on our estimation of the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is for us to think of related examples

Answer 58

availability heuristic,

Question 59

A useful heuristic that does work much of the time is to work backward from the goal.

Answer 59

Working Backward

Question 60

involves breaking down a goal into subgoals.

Answer 60

rule of thumb, or heuristic

Question 61

Sometimes it’s better to break a goal down into _, so that as each _ is achieved, the final solution is that much closer.

Answer 61

Subgoals