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cognitive Flashcards

1
Q

limitations of behaviourism

A

deny internal processes/cognition
exclude non-humans + animals
can’t account for attentional overload

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2
Q

what was chomsky’s criticism of skinner

A

said that there’s sommething in between stimulus –> response esp for language - nuanced processing ie cognition

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3
Q

tolman 1948 what did he find out using rats

A

internal mental representations - got better over time so created mental map

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4
Q

is two factors influence different stages (for additive factors) what’s their effect on reaction time

A

additive

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5
Q

describe interactive effect

A

when combined effect on reaction time is different from sum of individual effects, suggesting they influence different stages

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6
Q

if you increase the set size, which types of search will take longer?

A

serial exhaustive

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7
Q

what type of search do humans do

A

serial exhaustive

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8
Q

availability heuristic

A

overestimating the likelihood of events based on how easily memory/examples come to mind eg aeroplane accidents on news

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9
Q

anchoring bias

A

relying on first info encountered about something

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10
Q

certainty effect

A

overweight ourcomes perceived as certain or highly probable, not choose outcomes w lower probabilities. so choose sure gain of $30 to 80% chance to win $45. CONSERVATIVE ABOUT WINNING, RISK-TAKING WHEN LOSING

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11
Q

pseudo-certainty effect

A

people perceive outcome as certain even though it’s uncertain, particularly in multi-ctage games. forget/disregard uncertainty of getting to second road etc

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12
Q

inattentional blindness

A

dont process what we dont direct attention towards = invisible gorilla

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13
Q

change blindness

A

failure to notice change in stimulus when change occurs during disruption - character costume change between scenes, no one notices

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14
Q

early locus of selection

A

cuts attention early so only notice crude details

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15
Q

late locus of selection

A

cut off later, notice more + follow meaning - process meaning of something in unattended channel

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16
Q

flexible locus of selection

A

millie lavie, accouns for different context eg cognitive load = diff time

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17
Q

endogenous attention

A

you know what you’re looking for - waldo

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18
Q

exogfenous attention

A

qexternal stimulus catches ur eye

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19
Q

ICONIC memory duration

A

80-100 ms

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20
Q

ICONIC MEMORY capacity

A

large, quick MORE than echoic

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21
Q

ICONIC MEMORY time to decau

A

RAPID unless transferred to STM

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22
Q

ICONIC MEMORY evidence

A

sperling 1960, letters in grid - shown then asked only recall a few letters = fade quickly

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23
Q

ECHOIC memory duration

A

~8 sec

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24
Q

ECHOIC memory capacity

A

smaller than iconoic, lasts longer

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25
ECHOIC memory time to decay
bit longer than iconic
26
SHORT TERM memory capacity
limited, 7 +/- 2
27
SHORT TERM memory duration
decay within 20 secs if not rehearsed
28
SHORT TERM memory format
phonological - 'sounds' in the mind
29
chunking
group small bits of info into bit bigger bits eg phone no quikjc bits
30
hierarchical chunking
sort chunks into subtopics etc
31
why primacy/recency effects different origins
primacy = encode = LTM recency = STM
32
clive wearing amnesia + symptoms
retrograde-anterograde amnesia - no new info, lost most of past memories
33
central executive role
control centre, directy attention, coordinate others, problem solving, decisions
34
phonological loop
VERBAL + AUDITORY , articulatory rehearsal process to keep in memory
35
visuospatial sketchpad
processing VISUAL + SPATIAL - navigate through city, visualise objects
36
episodic buffer
integrates other sources, temporary storage system --> creates cohesive memory you can mould around in ur head
37
bits of evidence for supporting phonological loop
First paying attention to conversation, someone says your name and you switch focus Experiment: one group memorised letters looking dissimilar, then other had to count 1,2 repeatedly while memorising, so second had worse memory
38
who did nodes + links
collins + loftus
39
spreading activation
when node activated (thinking about bird) activation spreads to related nodes --> strength of activation decreases w distance
40
assumptions made by hierarchical model
memory retrieval neat + logical
41
test/evidence for hierarchical
sentence verification - measure time taken to verify a sentence -canary is canary = short --> canary is animal increase = further apart
42
what doesn't hierarchical account for
associational networks varying between people typicality (penguins are weird birds) category size (dog = mammal longer to verify than dog = animal, doesn't work w assumptions of category size)
43
how are memories stored in parallel distributed processing models
distributed across series of networks rather than in one place, memory represented by a PATTERN OF ACTIVATION rather than single unit; parts of memory are recalled/processed at the same time
44
strengths of pdp model
neurobiological plausibility learning + adaptation accounted for can generalise to new situations
45
war of the ghosts, bartlett revealed...
schema - story shortened, details transformed, memory not passive but active, informed/filled in by existing knowledge
46
person schema/stereotype
racial + gender stereotypes
47
event schema/scripts
caleb's ruthless subway efficiency
48
what does priming do
spreading activation - nodes + activation make concepts more accessible, easier to retrieve --> if u just talked about fishing and someone says 'go to the bank' u will think river bank
49
declarative memory
semantic, episodic memory
50
procedural memory
HOW to do things
51
distinguish between explicit/implicit memory test
explicit measures conscious recall; implicit is uncnscious memory, ofte don't know it;s being measured. explicit: free recall. implicit: word-stem completion.
52
imact on implicit/explicit of modality/format of memory --> recall
implicit MUST be in same mode/format as learned; explicit doesn't matter
53
DRM false memory paradigm
read out list of semantically related words that all have to do but dr isn't in list, you imagine it is
54
kim peek condition
remember only FACTS , not encode semantic strucutre, can't understand metaphors (higher thinking)
55
what's a flashbulb memory
personal memory of where you were during an event
56
flashbulb memories and confidence
confidence in event memory grows over time
57
infantile amnesia, explain occurrence
adults unable to recall memories from early years of lives before 3-4 * neurodevelopmental: brain strucutres eg hippocampus not fully formed, can't encode * language development: before acquiring lanugage = limited means to encode + rehearse
58
reminiscence bump
older adults remember a lot from ages 10-30 possibly bc lots of firsts happening
59
impact of age on memory
doesn't actually impact that much BUT * neurons do lose myselin as we age * real reason is people don't try as hard to remembr * most of effort is coming up w retrieval cues but lonely = not asked
60
method of loci
using something (landmark, constellation) as external memory for stories + info
61
transfer appropriate processing -- godden + baddeley's swimming pool study
context is retrieval cue --> improved recall is the learning and recall contexts are similar (if u learn something while ur wet u remember it better when ur wet)
62
retroactive cvs proavtice interference
retro: new material affects olf proactive: old material affects newq
63
shallow v deep processing
shallow: basix encoding - physical + sensory deep: semantic encoding, meaning, relation to other knowledge
64
Dunlosky 2013 study techniques rereading, practice testing, distributed practice
rereading = inefficient, low utility practice testing = spacing important, high utility distributed practice = spacing effects better than en mass night before --> ppl testing 30 days before test w 30 day intervcals did better than ppl practicing 1 day w 1 day intervals for 6 days
65
roediger + karpicke 2006 SSSSTTTTT one
5 mins SSSS > SSST > STTT 1 week STTT > SSST > SSSS

... (7 decks)

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