mental abilities Flashcards
(47 cards)
construct
theoretical entity that cannot be directly observed, we infer from observable behaviour, called a LATENT VARIABLE
mental abilities
capacity to perform the higher mental processes of reasoning, remembering, understanding and problem solving
manifest variables
observable behaviours that tell us about the latent variable - how quickly you solve a task, how many solutions you come up with - use to infer an underlying construct
implicit theories of intelligence
informal definitions of intelligence + beliefs you have around it –> entity mindsets, incremental
explicit theories of intelligence
use data collected from people doing tasks that require intelligent cognition
binet’s scale purpose
isolate natural ability independent of school context, questionnair which could measure sort of competence kids of different ages could have; assigning mental ages, IDENTIFY KIDS IN NEED OF REMEDIAL EDUCATION
contributions of HH goddard
goddard the racist eugenicist!!
* made classifications from idiot to moron, made a testing station to monitor US immigrants, undesirable
contributions of L Terman
- updated Binet’s thing into Stanford-Binet test, as he thought mental age might seem restricting
IQ
intelligence quotient , introduced in stanford-binet test
ratio iq + calculation
considers both mental and chronological age, proposed by William Stern
* allows comparison of intellectual performance across levels
RATIO IQ = (MENTAL AGE/CHRONOLOGICAL AGE) X 100
problems w ratio iq
difficult to make comparison –> is 13yr w MA 15 doing better than 8yr w MA of 10??
difficulty of application in adults - what’s an activity appropriate for 45 yr old but not 46 yr old
deviation scores
- most mental abs form bell curve
- z-score: Z = (X-M)/SD
iq score calculation
- find the z-score
- take the z-score and multiply by SD
four domains tested by stanford-binet
- verbal reasoning - vocab, comprehension
- abstract.visual reasoning - patterns, copying
- quantitative reasoning - number series, digits
- short-term reasoning - sentences, object remembering
stanford-binet format
- multuple sep tests of progressive difficulty
- avoid boredom = intermixed tests
- 30-90mins
- accessible formats
standford binet test process
est basal + ceiling level for tasks
* basal = lowest level, could have done anything that came before
* ceiling: fail 3 items out of 4 in a row
stanford-binet scoring
50-100
70-79 = borderline impaired/delayed
90-109 = average
130+ = gifted v adv
problems Raven’s Progressive Matrices solves
- can be done w groups en masse (save time, money)
single underlying factor vs multiple abilities
- single underlying factor = because all results on intelligence tests are at least somewhat positively correlated ,suggests singular underlying –> spearman’s g, positive manifold
- multiple abilities - correlation matrix leads to patterns of grouped correlation leading to different factors
middle ground theory
there is a hierarchical structure
* g factor splits into verbal reasoning + reasoning
* verbal reasnoning –> vocab, verbal comp, gen knowledge
* reasoning –> abstr reasoning, matrices, series comprehension
who came up with Gf-Gc theory and when
raymond cattell 1941
what’s the strongest evidence gf and gc are different constructs + what are patterns
- they show different developmental trends
- gf: peaks in early adulthood, then drops gradually through life
- gc: rapid increase until early adulthood, then plateau
validity
extent to which our tests tests what they’re supposed to measure, and whether the answer is used in an appropriate way
reliability
how consistently does that/accuracy
* if a test measures a consistent trait it should consistently produce the same answer, any change in performance due to true differences in that ability
