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1st year > Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

what is habituation

A

decline in an organisms response to a stimulus

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2
Q

what is dishabituation

A

an increase in a response caused by a change in something familiar

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3
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

when a stimulus evokes a response because of being paired with a stimulus that naturally revokes a response

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4
Q

what is an unconditioned stimulus

A

naturally occurring stimulus that elicits an Unconditioned response (food)

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5
Q

what is an unconditioned response

A

naturally occurring response (salvation)

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6
Q

what is a conditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that is original neutral but can be conditioned into producing a response by pairing with an unconditioned stimulus

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7
Q

what is a conditioned response

A

response to a conditioned stimulus produced by pairing it with an Unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

what is biological preparedness

A

not all phobias occur with the same frequency

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9
Q

what is homeostasis in classical conditioning

A

when the two effect (CR and UR) are opposite to each other cancel each other out helping to preserve the bodies stable condition

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10
Q

what is second order conditioning

A

conditioning where the Unconditioned stimulus was earlier a conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

what is extinction in classical conditioning

A

not forgetting - simply leaving it alone for a period of time which will result in the conditioned response when subjected again

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12
Q

what types of signals can Conditioned responses be

A

excitatory
inhibitory

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13
Q

what is backwards pairing

A

the Unconditioned stimulus was presented before the conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

what is simultaneous pairing

A

means the two stimuli were presented at the same time

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15
Q

what is forward paining

A

when the Conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus

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16
Q

what is one trial learning

A

conditioning occurs in single pairing
(taste aversion)

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17
Q

what is the law of effect

A

behaviours followed by satisfying effect more likely to be repeated than behaviours followed by dissatisfying effect

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18
Q

what is the other name for operant conditioning

A

instrumental conditioning

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19
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

learning occurs through reinforcement and punishment

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20
Q

what is positive and negative reinforcement

A

positive = something is added to increase likelihood of behaviour

negative = something is removed to increase the likelihood of behaviour

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21
Q

what is positive and negative punishment

A

positive = something is added to decrease likelihood of behaviour

negative = something is removed to decrease the likelihood of behaviour

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22
Q

what are primary reinforcers

A

innately effective without learning, tied to biological need

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23
Q

what are secondary reinforcers

A

conditioned reinforcers
highly effective, not susceptible to satiation

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24
Q

what is shaping

A

unlikely to get desired behaviour on first attempt
reinforce any response resembling the desired behaviour
begin to only reinforce more similar behaviours
finally only reinforce desired behaviour

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25
what type of reinforcement is most effective
positive reinforcement
26
what is continuous reinforcement
reinforced after every behaviour
27
what is partial/ intermittent reinforcement
not reinforced after every behaviour, according to a schedule
28
what is immediacy
consequence must be near action
29
what is contingency
consequence must be linked to action
30
what is fixed reinforcement
type of partial reinforcement schedule reinforcement is set and unchanging - can be ineffective because no point in working harder as reward will be the same
31
what is variable reinforcement
type of partial reinforcement reinforcement changes - steady increase in behaviour
32
what is interval reinforcement
type of partial reinforcement based on time
33
what is ratio reinforcement
type of partial reinforcement based on number of responses
34
what is superstition
reinforcement or punishment coincidentally occurs after an unrelated behaviour and the two are erroneously associated
35
what is latent learning
learning is only displaced when motivation is high
36
what are cognitive maps
Cognitive maps are mental representations that help individuals recall information about the relative locations
37
what is the over-justification effect
people lose intrinsic motivation for behaviours that are learned though reinforcement and punishment
38
what is social cognitive theory
emphasises the critical role of self beliefs in human cognition, motivation and behaviour
39
what is observational learning
learning takes place by watching the actions of others reinforcement/ stimulus not occurring
40
what are types of social models
live models verbal models symbolic models
41
what is a famous observational learning study
bandura and the bobo doll
42
what is the modelling process
1. attention 2. retention 3. reproduction 4. motivation
43
what is vicarious reinforcement
people’s tendency to imitate behaviours for which they have seen on others being rewarded
44
what is vicarious punishment
people do a behaviour less often after they've seen someone else behave that same way and experience negative consequences
45
how does prestige/ status impact models
greater attention and motivation for high status models
46
what is self regulated learning
learners take control of their own education by actively planning, monitoring and evaluating their learning activities
47
what is self efficacy
belief in ones ability to complete or reproduce a task
48
what is procedural memory
implicit memory that involves acquiring skills and habits through practice and experience Performing tasks automatically without conscious thought
49
what is priming
Priming is a psychological phenomenon where exposure to one stimulus influences how a person responds to a subsequent, related stimulus
50
what is semantic memory
Semantic memory is a type of long-term memory that stores general knowledge, concepts, facts, and meanings of words
51
what is episodic memory
Episodic memory is a type of long-term memory that involves recalling personal experiences or events
52
what is the encoding specificity principle
a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially coded
53
what is blocking
Memory blocking is a common phenomenon where an individual temporarily fails to recall information that is known to them tip of the tongue theory
54
what is transience
natural fading of memories over time
55
what is spacing (encoding)
spaced repetition/ revision works better then cramming all at once
56
what are the five main properties of language
symbols structure meaning generativity displacement
57
what are the levels of language
phonemes: smallest separate unit of sound morphemes: smallest unit of meaning words phrases sentence
58
what are the milestones of language development
1-3m: distinguish speech from non speech 4-6m: babbling 7-11m: imitate word sounds 12m: first recognisable words 12-18m: words 4-5y: grammatical rules
59
what is telegraphic speech
Telegraphic speech is when children use only the most important words in their sentences
59
what is high amplitude sucking
when infants learn sucking controls the sound that they make
60
what is over-regularisation
occurs when children extend a regular rule to an irregular word
61
what is referent retention and referent selection
selection = what word corresponds to what object retention= being able to remember this
62
what is fast mapping
young children's ability to learn words after just 1 exposure
63
what are syntax
Syntax is the arrangement of words and phrases in a specific order in a language
64
what is over extension in language
when children learn a word and apply it too broadly eg. calling every animal a dog
65
what is under extension
Phenomenon where children use words too narrowly
66
what is nativism
says humans are born with a language acquisition device (LAD) language is an innate biological mechanism
67
what is social constructivism
says children's learning of language is governed by adults positive reinforcement
68
what is LASS
Language acquisition support system - factors in the social environment that facilitate learning of a language
69
who is the child that was raised in isolation and never learned to speak
Ramu
70
who was the child that was raised in isolation but managed to learn to speak after being found
Isabelle
71
what is the duel system hypothesis
bilingual brains process language differently to monolingual brains
72
what is code-switching
alternating between different languages within a conversation
73
what is manual babbling
linguistic phenomenon that has been observed in deaf children and hearing children born to deaf parents who have been exposed to sign language.
74
what is the linguistic determinism hypothesis
language shapes our thought/ provides framework for our thinking
75
what is masculine generics
when in language masculine forms are used to represent all human being
76
what are the different frames of reference
relative absolute intrinsic
77
what is the Sapir- Whorf hypothesis
states that language influences how we perceive and think about the world

1st year (17 decks)

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