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research methods in psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is structuralism

A

Wilhelm Wundt
first school of psychology and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components

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2
Q

what is functionalism

A

William James
stressed the purpose/ function of natural processes
emphasis on overt, observable behaviour
suggests that the mind’s primary purpose is to help humans adapt to their environment

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3
Q

what is the British psychological society

A

founded 1901
governing body for psychology in the UK

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4
Q

what is the American psychological association

A

founded 1892

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5
Q

what is psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud
interested in unconscious structures of the mind
need a trained psychoanalysis to interpret
highly critiqued

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6
Q

what is behaviourism

A

a school of thought that focuses on observable behaviours and how to modify them

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7
Q

what are different types of behaviourism

A
  • classical conditioning (Pavlov dog and bell)
  • operant conditioning (skinners pigeons, reinforcing and punishment)
  • social learning theory
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8
Q

what is genetic epistemology

A

jean piaget
origin of knowledge in child development
tracking development of cognitive states in an empirical scientific manner

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9
Q

what is humanistic/ positive psychology

A

Abraham Maslow
emphasises the positive side of human experience and our potential

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10
Q

what is social psychology

A

the study of how people’s minds and behaviours are affected by others
highlighted the need for ethical guidelines in psychology

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11
Q

what are some topics researched in social psychology

A

obedience
deindividuation
segregation and social identity

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12
Q

what is psychometrics

A

a psychological measurement
eg intelligence (Flynn effect) and personality (five factor model)

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13
Q

what is cognitive psychology

A

studies the mental processes that affect behaviour
attention, language, memory etc.
eg information processing theory

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14
Q

what is eugenics

A

scientifically inaccurate (historical) theory that humans can be improved through selective breeding of populations
argued against immigration from “inferior races”
research used to support forced sterilization and Nazi policies

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15
Q

what is conversion therapy

A

“treatments” for homosexuality
classified as a mental disorder

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16
Q

what is a null and an alternative hypothesis

A

null hypothesis: the claim that the effect being studied does not exist ( alcohol does not effect reaction time)

alternative hypothesis: prediction that there is a relationship between two or more variables being studied (alcohol increases reaction times)

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17
Q

what does falsifiable mean

A

all hypothesis need to be falsifiable
means they can be proven false through an experiment or observation

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18
Q

what is a one tailed/ directional hypothesis

A

specifies direction
eg. alcohol increases reaction time, alcohol decreases reaction time

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19
Q

what is a two tailed/ non-directional hypothesis

A

leaves direction open
eg. alcohol will have an effect on reaction time

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20
Q

what is scientific theory

A

comprehensive explanation supported by a vast body of evidence

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21
Q

what are experimental and observational design

A

experimental => DV and IV, measures effect of one on the other, cause and effect relationship

observational => use observed, measurable variables, nothing is manipulated

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22
Q

what is a within subject design

A

repeated measures design
all participants are exposed to all conditions of the independent variable
less variability
needs smaller sample size (N)

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23
Q

what is a between subject design

A

independent designs
different participants are exposed to different levels of independent variables
need large N
variability between samples

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24
Q

what is counter balancing

A

a technique used to deal with order effects when using a repeated measures design by randomly varying the order of conditions or treatments

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25
what is the Hawthorne effect
type of participant bias the alteration of behaviour by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed
26
what is correlation and the two types
shows the relationship between two variables, no cause and effect, but association positive => one score increases so does the other negative => one score increases other decreases
27
what is the best method for obtaining a representative sample
random sampling
28
what are the different types of sampling
random convenience/ opportunity assigned
29
what does reliability mean
if its reliable if you repeat it you will get the same results replication
30
what does validity mean
if it is valid it is measuring what it is supposed to do accurately
31
what is the relationship between reliability and validity
you can have reliability without validity but not validity without reliability
32
what is null hypothesis significance testing (NHST)
to check weather a statistical relationship in a sample reflects a real relationship in the population or is just due to chance
33
what is the p-value
the probability of the observed data under the null hypothesis if <0.5 = statistically significant, reject null hypothesis if >0.5 = not statistically significant, don't reject null hypothesis
34
what is a type 1 error/ false positive
rejecting the null hypothesis when it's actually true
35
what is a type 2 error/ false negative
a researcher incorrectly accepts a false null hypothesis
36
what is a familywise error
higher probability of making more false positive results, the more tests you run simultaneously
37
what are some questionable research practices
p- hacking HARKing sharp- shooter fallacy
38
what is p-hacking
failing to report all of a studies dependant measures failing to report all of a studies conditions selectively reporting studies that worked stopping collecting data because you found what you were looking for
39
what is HARKing
hypothesis after results known reporting unexpected finding as if been predicted from the start
40
what is sharp-shooter fallacy
when someone cherry picks specific data points or patterns after the fact and then claims that those patterns were meaningful or significant
41
what is re registration
writing down what you plan to do and your prediction before data collection commences
42
what leads to publication bias
studies submitted for publication after results have been analysed
43
what is the file drawer problem
describes the tendency of researchers to publish positive results more frequently than negative results
44
what are falsification and fabrication
falsification = manipulation/ distortion of existing data (cherry picking, p-hacking) fabrication = most serious types, making up data that doesn't exist
45
what is a high profile cases of academic fraud
MMR and autism
46
what does non-sequitur mean
type of bad science an error in how an argument is structured
47
why do people commit fraud
to perverse incentives - publication - funding - promotion/tenure
48
what is secondary analysis
using previously existing data toe examine a new research question
49
what are the benefits and challenges to large open data sets
benefits: - efficient way to answer research question - access to wide range of sample - ethical weaknesses: - untidy data - different file formats
50
what is literate programming
a programming paradigm that combines code with explanations in natural language to create more transparent and maintainable programs
51
what is data repository
a centralized storage space for data
52
what is team science
a collaborative approach to research that brings together multiple groups of researchers to address a challenge from different perspectives
53
what is a cross sectional study
studying 2+ groups at one time point (cost effective & quick, difficult to compare different age groups)
54
what is a longitudinal study
studying the same group through of time
55
what is cohort (longitudinal research)
when a sample share a defining characteristic can be very large and representative
56
what is the cross generational problem
skew because of generational specific factors
57
what are cohort effects
different cohorts may have fundamental differences in some characteristic that can influence your findings
58
what are practice/ test effects
problems with longitudinal studies improvement may be due to practice not a difference in intelligence
59
what are cross lagged correlations
a statistical technique used to analyse the relationship between two or more variables over time
60
what is an accelerated longitudinal study
a research method that involves recruiting multiple cohorts of participants at different ages to study developmental changes over time
61
what is selective survival
challenge with studying older age or certain health condition
62
what is attrition
loss of participants from sample over time
63
what is a prospective study
a research method that involves following a group of people over time and collecting data on them as their circumstances change
64
what is internal validity
the extent to which a study's findings unambiguously establish cause-effect relationship between the IV and DV
65
what is external validity
an extent to which a study's finding generalise to other settings and samples
66
what is ecological validity
a type of external validity referring to how findings generalise to different settings
67
what is triangulation
getting evidence from multiple types of study (different models for the same thing)
68
what do field and lab studies investigate
field: what does happen lab: what can happen
69
what is the day reconstruction method
at the end of the day participants recall their experiences reduces respondent burden, only once a day can potentially reduce accuracy: recall bias
70
what is the experience sampling method
collect data about a sample of daily experiences participants report their thoughts and feeling at specific times across the day
71
what is ambulatory physiological monitoring
a technique that involves using portable devices to record physiological data, such as heart rate, rhythm, or blood pressure, over a period of time
72
what are intervention studies
evaluate the impact of an intervention (treatment, programme, activity) on some outcome measure of interest used to evaluate psychological treatments
73
what is a randomised controlled trial (intervention studies)
considered best way to evaluate intervention - must be a relevant control condition for comparison - participants must be randomly assigned to treatment/ control conditions
74
what is a cross over study
participants complete both conditions one after the other
75
when aren't RCTs possible
Quasi-experimental studies
76
what are Quasi-experimental studies
still comparing a treatment and control but nor randomly allocated appropriate when there are practical or ethical barriers to random allocation
77
what are key outcome measures for environmental studies
efficacy: can it work effectiveness: does it work efficiency: is it cost effective
78
what are feasibility studies
before investing resources in a full scale intervention study, researchers may asses weather the proposed intervention is feasible evaluates acceptability of participants and practicality
79
what do you need to monitor in a intervention study
adherence and compliance have the participants followed the intervention as indented

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