Cognitive Psychology (Learning and Ethology) Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Pavlov
A
Classical conditioning dogs
2
Q
Long time since bell= food, yet weak response known as
A
spontaneous recovery
3
Q
acquisition
A
period during which organism is learning association of stimuli
4
Q
Dog hears windchimes and salivates, but was trained on bell
A
generalizations
5
Q
Forward conditioning vs. backward
A
CS before UCS in forward, backward not successful
6
Q
Second Order conditioning
A
Stage 1: Bell ring, food (CS, UCS)
Stage 2: light, bell (neutral, CS)
stage 3: neutral (light flash)
7
Q
Sensory preconditioning
A
Stage 1: neutral 1 & 2 (light and bell)
Stage 2: neutral 2 (CS) and UCS (bell and food)
Stage 3: (neutral 1, food and light)
8
Q
Who explained pairing/association for classic conditioning? (contingency explanation)
A
Robert Rescorla
9
Q
Blocking
A
If hiss noise, then shock ok
hiss and light, then shock, not link because light is coincidence. Noise alone.
10
Q
Contiguity
Contingency
Blocking
A
Continuity- CS/UCS near in time
Contingency- CS good signal for UCS
Blocking- CS good signal for UCS and provides nonredundant info about occurrence of UCS
11
Q
Thorndike’s law of effect
A
if response followed by annoying consequence, animal less likely to emit same response in future.
12
Q
Reinforcement vs. Punishment
A
Reinforcement- we want you to do something
punishment- we want you to stop doing something
13
Q
A stimulus condition that indicates that the organism’s behavior will have consequences is called…
A
Discriminative stimulus
14
Q
Partial reinforcement effect
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Rat A = every lever press = 1 treat
Rat B = every 3-6 lever presses = 1 treat
Whose extinction is longer? Rat B
15
Q
Fixed-Ratio schedule
A
5 presses = 1 treat, everytime
16
Q
Variable-Ratio
A
average 5 presses = 1 treat, but could be 2, or 17
17
Q
Fixed-interval
A
Rutgers
1st lever press after 45 second time lapse
18
Q
Variable interval
A
Reinforced for first response after variable amount of time has elapsed since the last reinforcer. (average amount of time)
19
Q
FR1 or continuous reinforcement is
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1 lever = 1 treat
20
Q
What schedule is most resistant to extinction?
A
Variable Ratio
21
Q
Shaping/Differential Reinforcement
A
Desired behavior to reinforce is not natural
Give treats for closer approximations
22
Q
Classical Conditioning therapies help what
A
phobias/OCD
23
Q
Flooding: phobia therapy vs. Implosion
A
Expose to fear (like a cat)
implosion: just imagine the cat
24
Q
Counter-conditioning/systematic desensitization
A
pair phobia with relaxation technique and go slowly
25
Conditioned aversion
Gets rid of addiction, paired with something unpleasant
26
Token economy
give token for good behavior
| Take tokens for bad behavior
27
Contingency Management
General name for therapies that attempt to change the client's behavior by altering the consequences of the behavior
28
Behavioral Contract
written agreement that explicitly states the consequences of certain acts; useful in resolving interpersonal conflicts
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Time-out
Removing client from the potentially reinforcing situation before he can receive reinforcement for the undesirable behavior
30
Premack principle
Using a more preferred activity to reinforce less preferred activity
31
Thorndike's law of effect and how he proved it with a cat
puzzle box. once the cat hits the lever, he can go out the box. this is trial-and-error learning.
32
Kohler's insight proven with chimp
food out of reach, come up with new novel way to get it
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Tolman's cognitive map with rats
animals can map out visual space
34
Different species having different predisposition to learn different things different ways this is
biological constraints
35
Garcia effect
preparedness:
classical conditioning works with what we expect
nausea = bad food
shock = machine
36
Breland's raccoon and instinctual drift
instinctual ways of behaving can override behaviors learned by operant conditioning
37
Bandura's vicarious reinforcement
Bobo doll
38
Ethology
study of animal behavior under natural conditions
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Who brought experimental methods into ethology?
Niko Tinbergen
40
Fixed action pattern (FAP)
Stereotyped behavior sequence that does not have to be learned by the animal
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Sign Stimuli
Features of a stimulus sufficient to bring about a particular FAP
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Releaser
sign stimulus that triggers social behaviors between animals
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Supernormal stimulus
model more effective at triggering a FAP than the actual sign stimulus found in nature
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Innate releasing mechanism (IRM)
mechanism in the animal's nervous system that connects sign stimuli with the correct FAPs
45
Reproductive isolating mechanisms
behaviors that prevent animals of one species from attempting to mate with animals of closely related species
46
Karl von Frisch's bees
dance to show where hives are
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Reproductive Fitness
takes into account the number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce
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Inclusive fitness
takes into account the number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce AND number of other relatives who live to reproductive ages
49
Wilson's sociobiology
how social behaviors increase fitness
50
Titchener's structuralism's goal was to
break consciousness down to the elements/mental structures
51
Hermann Ebbinghaus' nonsense syllables
Method of savings
Method of savings- after memorizing the initial list, number of times he had to read the list in order to rememorize it.
Forgetting curve
52
Encoding
putting info in memory
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Storage
retaining info in memory
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retrieval
recovering info from memory
55
Recall vs. Recognition
recall: fill in the blank
Recognition: MC
56
Generation-recognition
you can recognize more than you recall, recall require that and more
57
Recency
words at end of list remembered best
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primacy
words at beginning of list remembered second best
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Clustering
people tend to recall words in same category
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Iconic memory
visual
61
Echoic memory
auditory
62
whole report procedure
flash an image, just start reporting randomly how much you saw. 4/9
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Sperling's partial report procedure
flash 9 images, ask later a certain row of 3, you can remember all of them because memory takes time to decay.
64
Short term memory (Working memory)
Sensory info we attend to
how long it stays depends on what we do with it
maintenance rehearsal can keep it there for a while (repeating info)
Miller's chunks are helpful
65
Long term memory
elaborative rehearsal, associate with other information you already have in there. Organize and sort material.
66
Type of long term: procedural
remember how to do things
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type of long term: declarative
explicit info
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Declarative 1: Semantic
general knowledge
69
Declarative 2: episodic
memories for particular events/episodes that you have personally experienced
70
Semantic priming
pairs of words, press button if related. doctor-nurse button press faster than nurse-butter.
71
Short term encoding of verbal material likely based on
phonology
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long term encoding of verbal material likely based on
meaning
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Memory: semantic verification task
indicate if statement true or false.
Response latency = response time
pattern o latencies provide info on how semantic knowledge is stored in memory
74
Collins/Loftus Spreading activation model
connection map, less distance between too words, the more related they are
75
Smith/Rips/Shoben's semantic feature comparison model
semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts; key is overlap in feature lists of concepts
ex: robin is a bird vs. turkey is a bird
76
Craik/lockhart's depth of processing/levels theory
1) physical visual focus on appearance, size, shape of info
2) acoustical, focus on sound combinations words have
3) semantic, focus on meaning of the word
more mental effort = better memory
77
Paivio's dual-code hypothesis
info stated visually (concrete info, like elephant)
| info stored verbally (abstract, like hope)
78
Schema
conceptual frameworks used to organize knowledge
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If info in long term memory is not used/rehearsed, it will be forgotten, time elapsed makes no difference. What is the theory?
Decay theory
80
Proactive inhibition
what you learned earlier interferes with what you learn later
ex: French as 2nd language, harder to learn Spanish
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Retroactive inhibition
you forget what you learned earlier as you learn something new.
82
encoding specificity
assumption that recall will be best if the context at recall approximates the context during the original encoding
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State-dependent learning
recall will be better if psychological/physical state at time of recall is same as state when you memorized the material.
84
Method of loci
system of associating information with some sequence of places with which you are familiar.
85
Sir Frederick Barlett's reconstructive memory
people retell story in line with their culture, expectations, and schema
86
Elizabeth Loftus' eyewitness memory
found errors of eyewitness accounts
87
Zeigarnik effect (I struggle)
easier to remember incomplete tasks better then completed tasks.
88
Mental set
tendency to repeat solutions that worked in other situations
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Functional fixedness
Can't use familiar object in unfamiliar way
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Creativity test: Guilford's test of divergent thinking
finding new novel ways to use stuff
91
Heuristics
shortcuts/rules of thumb used to make decisions
92
availability heuristics
used when trying to decide how likely something is (can we think of times when it has happened)
93
Representative heuristic
categorizes things based on whether they fit prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category
94
Using prototypical/stereotypical factors rather than actual numerical information about which category is more numerous is
base-rate fallacy
| ignore numerical info when categorizing
95
Phonemes
smallest SOUND units of language
96
Morphemes
smallest units of MEANING in language
97
Semantics
meaning of words/sentences
98
Syntax
grammatical arrangement of words in sentences
99
Learning theory of language
language acquired by classical condition
100
Cognitive developmental theory of language
child's capacity of symbolic thought
101
Chomsky's nativist theory of language
Language acquisition device (LAD)
| built-in advanced knowledge of rule structures in language
102
Surface structure
actual order of words in sentence
103
deep structure
underlying form the specifies the meaning of sentence
104
Transformational rules
tell us how we can change from one sentences form to another (from sentence in the active voice to a sentence in the passive voice)
105
Whorfian hypothesis
linguistic relativity: our perception of reality based on language
ex: different words for love, better at discriminating between different feelings of love
106
Spearman suggested individual differences in intelligence are largely due to variations in amount of
general "g"
"s" is factor that describes individual differences in performing specific tasks
107
Louis Thurstone: identified 7 abilities
primary mental abilities
108
Sternberg's triarchic theory
3 intelligence aspects
1) componential (tests)
2) experiential (creative)
3) contextual (street smarts/business)
109
Howard Gardner's theory
multiple intelligences
| 7 categories
110
Who came up with crystal and fluid?
Raymond Catell
111
Fluid intelligence
ability to quickly grasp relationships in novel situations and make correct deductions
decreases with age
112
Crystallized intelligence
solve problems that depend on previously learned knowledge.
increases throughout lifespan
113
Arthur Jensen
prominent educational psychologist who studied intelligence. Said IQ was genetic. Also super racist. :(
114
Who published a book about parallel distributed processing (PDP) proposing that info is distributed across brain/done in parallel fashion?
McClelland and Rumelhart
115
Metacognition/metamemory
refer to a person's ability to think about and monitor cognition and memory
